1. Gussadi Dance

• Community/Region: Performed by men of the Gond tribe in Adilabad district.
• Occasion: Performed before Deepavali, from Ashwayuja Shuddha Pournami to Ashwayuja Bahula Chaturdasi. Also prominently performed during the Nagoba Jatara.
• Performance Style:
• Performers dress in colorful costumes, wear ornaments, and travel in troupes to neighboring villages, singing and dancing.
• A troupe typically consists of 15 to 20 members, known as Dandari troupes.
• From these large troupes, five members form Gussadi troupes.
• Costume & Accessories:
• Peacock feather turbans (Mal Boora/Maljilina Cap)
• Deer horns
• Artificial mustaches and beards
• Ash applied all over the body
• Carry Gussadi Rokhhari

2. Dhemsa Dance

• Community/Region: Performed by both males and females of the Raj Gond clan.
• Occasion: Primarily during festivals and marriages.
• Performance Style: Follows the rhythm of traditional music.
• Musical Instruments: Pepre, Dhol, Kalikom, and Tamak.

3. Koya Dance (Bison-Horn Dance / Permakoki Play)

• Community/Region: Performed by the Koya tribe in the tribal regions of Warangal and Khammam. Also referred to as Dorala Sattam (ruling class dance).
• Occasion: During festivals and marriages; a significant part of the Sammakka-Sarakka Jatara in the Mulugu region.
• Performance Style:
• Performed by both men and women.
• Troupe consists of 30 to 40 members.
• Male dancers wear colorful costumes and large bison-horn headgears, making the performance visually striking.

4. Kurru Dance

• Community/Region: Performed by the males of the Koya tribe in Warangal district.
• Occasion: Mainly associated with the Sammakka-Sarakka Jatara.

5. Lambadi Dance

• Community/Region: Performed by Banjara women.
• Inspiration: Dance movements reflect daily agricultural tasks like planting, sowing, and harvesting.
• Occasion: Performed during marriages, Teej festival, Holi, and Sankranthi.
• Performance Style:
• During Holi, Banjara women form a circle around the Kamudi Manta (burning of Kama) and dance while holding hands in synchronization with the music.

6. Mango Dance (Konda Reddys)

• Community/Region: Performed by the Konda Reddy/Bison Reddy tribe in Khammam district.
• Occasion: Ceremonial festival before plucking mangoes.
• Deities: Dedicated to Mutyalamma and Konda Devatha.
• Performance Style: Performed in groups with rhythmic beats played on the Dappu musical instrument.

7. Goravayya Dance

• Community/Region: Performed by Golla caste members.
• Location: Inavolu Mallanna temple (Warangal) and Komaravelli Mallanna temple (Siddipet).
• Performance Style:
• Dancers wear blankets (Kambali/Gongadi).
• A member of the Kuruma family is chosen as Goravayya.
• The Goravayya dancer carries a deer-skin bag (Bandaru) filled with turmeric.
• Dances with a Dhamarukam in one hand and Kambali in the other.
• Wears a necklace made of small shells.
• Unique Feature: Performers bark like dogs, calling themselves "Lord Mallanna's Dogs." After the performance, they lick and drink milk like a dog.

8. Siddi Dance (Khadga Nrityam)

• Community/Region: Performed by the Siddi community, whose ancestors migrated from Abyssinia (Africa) to Hyderabad.
• Occasion: During festivals and marriages in Hyderabad.
• Performance Style:
• Resembles Sword Fight (Kathi Samu).
• Performers wear desi-style attire and wield swords, creating an energetic and fierce performance.
• Involves the use of weapon tools.

9. Garaga Dance

• Community/Region: Performed across Telangana.
• Occasion: Significant part of the Bonalu festival.
• Performance Style: Involves balancing a clay pot (Ghatam) on the head while performing rhythmic dance movements.

10. Perini Sivatandavam

• Community/Region: Ancient warrior dance from Warangal; historically significant.
• Deity: Dedicated to Lord Shiva.
• Location: Performed in front of Nataraja statues or inside Shiva temples.
• Historical Significance: Traditionally performed by soldiers before heading to battle to invoke Shiva's blessings and strength.
• Revival: Revived by Nataraja Ramakrishna.

11. Veera Natyam (Heroic Dance)

• Community/Region: Performed in Veerabhadra temples at Korivi and Kothakonda in Telangana.
• Communities Involved: Performed by Verra Mushti, Jangams, Balijas, and Devangas.
• Deity: Associated with Lord Shiva.
• Occasion: Key attraction during the Shivaratri festival.
• Significance: Symbolizes Shiva's cosmic energy.

12. Dappu Natyam

• Community/Region: Performed across Telangana.
• Performance Style:
• High-energy percussion-based dance performed using Dappu drums (made from animal hides and beaten with sticks).
• Performed by 15-20 members in a group.
• Dancers wear anklet bells.
• Occasion: Typically seen during processions and feasts.

13. Chindu Bhagavatam

• Community/Region: Folk theatrical art performed by the Madiga community. The Dakkali caste (dependent on the Madiga community) primarily performs this art.
• Performance Style:
• Blends music, storytelling, and dance.
• Known for its leaps, jumps, and humorous dialogues.
• Depicts stories from Hindu Puranas and Ithihasas.
• Major Performance: The Jamba Puranam play is one of their major performances.

14. Chindu Yellamma

• Community/Region: Born in 1923 in Basara.
• Art Form: Legendary performer of Yakshaganam and Chindu Bhagavatam.
• Legacy:
• Known for her ability to transform her expressions from a delicate woman into a ferocious Narasimha Swamy, captivating audiences.
• Earned recognition from Nataraja Ramakrishna and other prominent artists.

ADILABAD DISTRICT

Overview:

• The district derives its name from Adilabad, the headquarters town, which was named after the ruler of Bijapur, Ali Adil Shah.
• The district was historically ruled by multiple dynasties: Mauryas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Mughals, Bhosle Rajas of Nagpur, Asaf Jahis, and the Gond Rajas of Sirpur and Chanda.
• 2016 Reorganization: Adilabad district was reorganized into 4 districts:
1. Adilabad
2. Nirmal
3. Mancherial
4. Kumrambheem Asifabad

Kuntala Waterfalls:

• Location: 12 km from Neredikonda village, about 64 km from Adilabad.
• Feature: The Kadem River cascades 45 meters down and rushes deep into the jungle.
• Significance: The highest waterfalls in Telangana, offering a spectacular sight when the river is flush with inflows.
• Best Time: Winter months are ideal for witnessing the falls.

Pochera Waterfalls:

• Location: 52 km from Adilabad, 40 km from Nirmal, and 8 km from Boath Buzurg.
• Feature: The Godavari River cascades down rocky slopes, gathering in a large opening in the rocks at a depth of 20 meters, forming an enchanting pond.
• Atmosphere: The sounds of gushing water and surrounding verdure make it a memorable visual treat.

Overview:

• The several forts found in Telangana are powerful reminders of the region's rich political and cultural history.
• They were built centuries ago by different ruling dynasties that governed the region.
• These forts showcase remarkable architecture, handy military strategies, and strong religious sentiments.
• Whether built by the Kakatiyas, the Qutub Shahis, the Mughals, or the Asaf Jahis, the architectural marks left on these structures testify to the ruling dynasties' strong interest in monumental construction.

1. Bhongir Fort

• Original Name: Tribhuvanagiri
• Location: Perched atop a massive, monolithic rock at a height of 500 feet (150 m).
• Area: Spans nearly 50 acres.
• Builder: Built in the 10th century by the Chalukya ruler Tribhuvanamalla Vikramaditya VI.
• Features:
• A moat surrounding the fort
• Underground chambers
• A secret passage believed to connect the fort to Golconda Fort (located about 50 km away)
• Historical Significance: Played a very important role during the reign of Queen Rudramadevi and King Prataparudra.

2. Devarakonda Fort

• Location: Built on seven hillocks.
• Builder: Built by the Padma Nayaka Veluma Rajas; later turned into a cultural landmark by Maada Naidu after he conquered it.
• Period: Was a power hub in the 13th and 14th centuries and remained so until 1482.
• Religious Structures:
• Temples dedicated to Lords Rama and Shiva within the fort.
• Unique Feature: A unique stairway that leads to Patala Ganga in Srisailam.
• Later Ruler: After Maada Naidu, the fort was under his warrior son Pedha Vedagiri Naidu, who ruled for 26 years.

3. Domakonda Fort

• Alternate Names: "Gadi Domakonda" or "Killa Domakonda"
• Location: 100 km from Hyderabad.
• Architectural Style: Combines Mughal and Western architectural styles.
• Key Feature: Houses a palatial mahal called "Addhala Meda" (Glass House).
• Design Details:
• Ground floor features exquisitely worked stucco
• First floor has round pillars and a flat ceiling
• Religious Structure: Also houses a Shiva temple built by the Kakatiya rulers.

4. Elgandal Fort

• Location: Occupies a picturesque hill overlooking the Manair River.
• Historical Significance: Has been under the dominion of five major dynasties:
1. Kakatiyas
2. Bahmanis
3. Qutub Shahis
4. Mughals
5. Nizams
• Current State: Now stands in ruins, but its main entrance gate and overall site continue to draw tourists.

5. Gadwal Fort

• Location: 16 km from Gadwal town, adjacent to a major highway.
• Builder: Constructed in the 17th century under the directive of Peda Soma Bhupaludu (Somanadri).
• Features:
• Formidable stone walls
• Profound moats
• Temples of Sri Chennakesava Swamy, Sri Ramalayam, and Sri Venugopala Swamy
• Artillery: A 32-foot-long cannon captured from the Nawab of Kurnool is now on public display at the fort.

6. Golconda Fort

• Initial Construction: Built by the Kakatiyas in 1143 AD as a mud fort.
• Expansion: Later transformed into a massive granite fortress spanning 5 km in circumference by the Bahamani Sultans and Qutub Shahis.
• Capital City: Became the capital of the Qutub Shahi dynasty in the 16th century.
• Diamond Trade: Famous for its diamond trade, including the legendary Koh-i-Noor diamond.
• Features: Palaces, mosques, mounted cannons, and secret tunnels.
• Engineering Marvel: The Fateh Darwaza (Victory Gate) has an acoustic design where a hand clap at the entrance reverberates 1 kilometer away at the hilltop pavilion.
• Later History: Captured by Aurangzeb in 1687 and left in ruins. Today it is one of India's celebrated heritage sites.

7. Khammam Fort

• Initial Construction: Built by the Kakatiyas in 950 AD.
• Location: Atop its namesake hill, overlooking Khammam town.
• Expanders: Later expanded by the Velama Rulers, Musunuri Nayaks, and Qutub Shahis.
• Architectural Style: A unique blend of Hindu, Muslim, and Kakatiya architecture.

8. Medak Fort

• Original Name: "Methuku Durgam"
• Age: Constructed 800 years ago by the Kakatiyas.
• Renovations: Later renovated by the Qutub Shahis.
• Area & Height: Sprawls over 100 acres and rises to a height of 90 meters.
• Emblem: Features the emblem of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Ganda Bherunda (double-headed eagle), on its third gate.
• Internal Features: Inside, one can find a barrack, a lake, and a storehouse.

9. Nagnur Fort

• Builder: Built under the Kakatiya dynasty.
• Significance: Was a significant political and religious center.
• Temples:
• Vaishnava temples
• Shiva temples
• Trikuta temple (three-shrined temple)
• Ramalingala Gudi
• Archaeological Importance: The Kalyana and Kakatiya periods are well represented through significant ruins. This is an important archaeological site.

10. Warangal Fort

• Builder: Built in the 12th century by Prola Raja of the Kakatiya dynasty.
• Enlargement: Enlarged in the 13th century by King Ganapati Deva.
• Significance: Remains one of the most iconic heritage sites of Telangana.
• Kakatiya Legacy: The Kakatiya rulers (12th to 14th centuries) built several architectural wonders in and around Warangal.
• Key Structures within the Fort Complex:
1. Swayambhu Temple (AWADHANA) – A temple dedicated to Shiva with a self-manifested lingam
2. Kakatiya Toranas – Massive stone gateways that have become the emblem of Telangana
3. The fort itself, with its impressive ramparts and ruins

1.Bathukamma: The Floral Festival of Telangana

Telangana boasts a wealth of traditions, culture, and spirituality. Of all its festivals, Bathukamma is the most vibrant and unique way of displaying devotion to the Mother Goddess, Gauri (Parvati). As Telangana's state festival, declared in 2014, Bathukamma has become an identity marker, a rallying point for communities throughout the state to come together and joyously commune in holy devotion.

A Festival of Colors, Flowers, and Togetherness

• Exclusive to Telangana: Often called the "festival of life."
• Timing: Starts on Bhadrapada Amavasya (New Moon Day) and lasts for nine days until Saddula Bathukamma (Durga Ashtami). This period marks the beginning of autumn when fields are filled with colorful blooming flowers.
• Maternal Home Tradition: Women celebrate the festival in the warmth of their maternal homes, engendering solidarity and togetherness among mothers, daughters, and sisters.

The Rituals of Bathukamma

• Floral Arrangement: Women collect flowers such as Thangedu (Tanners Cassia), Gunugu (Celosia), Marigold, Gaddi Poolu (Amaranth), Lotus, and Chrysanthemum, and fashion them into a cone shape. A doll of turmeric (Gouramma) is placed on top as an offering to the divine feminine.
• Evening Celebrations: At sunset, women form circles around the glowing Bathukamma, singing traditional folk songs while clapping in rhythm and dancing in joyous harmony.
• Immersion: At the close of each day, the Bathukamma is brought to a nearby body of water and immersed with reverence as a gesture of thanking nature and asking for blessings.

The Nine Days of Bathukamma

Each day has specific names and food offerings (Naivedyam):

Day	Name	Special Offering (Naivedyam)
1	Engili Pula Bathukamma	Sesame seeds and coarse rice
2	Atukula Bathukamma	Boiled lentils, flattened rice, and jaggery
3	Muddapappu Bathukamma	Mashed dal, milk, and jaggery
4	Nanabiyyam Bathukamma	Wet rice, milk, and jaggery
5	Atla Bathukamma	Pancakes (Atlu) or dosa
6	Aligina Bathukamma	No Bathukamma today
7	Vepakayala Bathukamma	Rice flour shaped like Neem tree fruits
8	Vennamuddala Bathukamma	Sesame seeds, ghee, and jaggery
9	Saddula Bathukamma	Sattu pindi (roasted flour); special sweet dish Maleeda (crumbled roti and jaggery)

More Than Just a Festival

• Spiritual Significance: Bathukamma is linked with the feminine form of energy and the worship of Goddess Parvati. It is believed to bestow blessings upon women, grant marital bliss, protect husbands, and ensure family prosperity.
• Sacred Ritual: Women apply turmeric paste from the Gouramma idol to the Mangala Sutra as a prayer for long life and good health for their husbands.

Official Recognition

• Declared a state festival on June 16, 2014 by the Telangana government.
• Bandaru Sujatha Shekar, an eminent research scholar, has made an extensive study of Bathukamma folksongs and traditions in her book "Telangana Bathukamma: Pauranika, Samajika, Samskrutika Basha Parishilana."

2.Boddemma: The Festival for Unmarried Girls

• Meaning: "Bodde" translates to "small girl," making this festival dedicated to the essence of growing up female in Telangana.
• Timing: Observed in the month of Bhadrapada, beginning on Bahula Panchami and culminating on Mahalaya Amavasya (nine days).

Rituals and Celebrations

• Preparation: A gopuram is made using mud and placed on a small table, decorated with Tangedu and Katla flowers. A Kalasham filled with rice is prepared, adorned with a new blouse piece, and placed with a Gouramma idol made of turmeric on top.
• Gathering: Children and their families gather around the Boddemma structure each evening, forming a circle and singing traditional folk songs while revolving around the makeshift altar.
• Offerings: Dal (lentils) and jaggery are offered as Naivedyam.
• Final Day: On the ninth day, a special sweet dish is prepared using the rice from the Kalasham and shared among family members and friends.

3.Bonalu: The Grand Festival of Goddess Mahakali

Bonalu is a major Hindu festival celebrated in Telangana, especially in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. It is dedicated to the worship of Goddess Mahakali.

• Timing: Held in July or August, coinciding with the lunar month of Ashada.
• Duration: Celebrated over three consecutive Sundays at different temples:

• First Sunday: Golconda Fort
• Second Sunday: Ujjaini Mahakali Temple (Secunderabad) and Balkampet Yellamma Temple
• Third Sunday: Pochamma and Katta Maisamma Temple (Chilkalguda) and Matheshwari Temple (Lal Darwaza, Old City)
• Other Locations: Akkanna Madanna Temple (Haribowli) and Muthyalamma Temple (Shah Ali Banda)

The Rituals of Bonalu

• Preparation of Bonam: Women prepare a special meal of rice, milk, and jaggery cooked in a new earthen or brass pot. The pot is decorated with neem leaves, turmeric, and vermilion, with a lit lamp placed on top.
• Procession: Women carry these pots on their heads in a grand procession to the temple, offering the Bonam along with bangles and sarees to the Mother Goddess.
• Traditional Attire: Ladies wear traditional sarees and jewelry; young girls wear half-sarees.
• Trance Dancing: Some women go into a trance, dancing while balancing pots on their heads to the beat of drums. Water is sprinkled on their feet to soothe the spirit.
• Thottelu: Devotees offer Thottelu – small, colorful structures made of paper and mounted on sticks – as gifts to the Goddess.

Pothuraju: The Protector of Bonalu

• A distinctive aspect of Bonalu is the presence of Pothuraju, the divine brother of the Mother Goddess.
• He is portrayed by a half-naked, muscular man wearing a tight red dhoti, anklets that jingle, and a torso painted with turmeric.
• He leads the procession with maximum energy, his power dance accompanying the drums of the Palaharam Bandi.

3.Ugadi: Telugu New Year

• Meaning: The word "Ugadi" literally means "new era." It is the Telugu New Year day.
• Timing: Begins in the month of Chaitra (April or May).

Celebrations and Rituals

• Preparations: Celebrations begin weeks prior. People decorate house entrances with mango leaves to please the deities.
• Cultural Activities: Poets join together and recite poems in Kavisammelans.
• Ugadi Pachadi: The most famous dish associated with the festival, containing six ingredients symbolizing the six different flavors of life:

Ingredient	Taste	Symbolism
Jaggery	Sweet	Happiness
Salt	Salty	Interest in life
Tamarind	Sour	Challenges
Neem flowers	Bitter	Difficulties in life
Raw mango	Tangy	Surprises and new challenges
Chilli powder	Spicy	Angry moments in life

• Significance: The dish teaches that life is a mixture of all emotions. Each ritual – hanging mango leaves, placing a kalash, and the priest making the yearly forecast – has its own significance.

TRIBAL FESTIVALS IN TELANGANA

1. Teej Festival (Banjara/Lambada)

• Significance: A major event in the Banjara (Lambada) calendar; a pre-harvest festival preceding the sowing of seeds in the month of Shravan.
• Rituals: Communities place wheat seeds in woven baskets and worship them for nine days until they sprout. On the ninth day, the seedlings are immersed in water.
• Offerings: A preparation of rice, jaggery, and ghee is offered to the god Sevabhayya.
• Participants: Largely for unmarried women, who fast and pray for future blessings.

2. Sheetla (Sithla) Bhavani Festival

• Timing: At the start of the rainy season.
• Rituals: Lambadas install seven stones under a neem tree, each representing one of the seven forms of the Bhavani Goddess. Bonam (made with green and Bengal grams) is offered, followed by a goat sacrifice.
• Unique Custom: "Edla Datudu" involves oxen crossing the site.

3. Sri Sri Sri Sevalal Maharaj Jayanthi

• Date: February 15th
• Significance: Celebrates Sri Sevalal Maharaj, a Banjara spiritual leader known for reducing superstitions and substance consumption.
• Rituals: A special offering called "Bhog Bandar" is made using cow ghee and jaggery, and shared among devotees.

4. Nishani Goddess Festival

• Timing: Ugadi during Chaitra Masam.
• Rituals: The village priest gives a child a bow and arrow to lead a hunting procession. An animal is hunted and offered to the Nishani Goddess for protection and prosperity.

5. Pedda Devudu Festival

• Timing: Month of Vaishaka.
• Purpose: Prayers for village prosperity and abundant rains.
• Rituals: Sacrifice of a bird called Parigi Pitta (considered sacred), offered to the deity Pedda Devudu.

6. Aki Pen Festival (Gonds)

• Rituals: The Gonds make initial offerings of fruits, flowers, and vegetables to their Goddess Aki Pen.

7. Persa Pen Festival (Gonds)

• Purpose: Dedicated to seeking protection and prosperity from Persa Pen, the chief deity of the Gonds.

8. Rajul Munda Festival

• Purpose: Before cutting teak and plucking leaves, tribal folk perform rituals to invite divine blessings for sustainable harvesting.

9. Masoba Festival

• Deity: Masoba is considered the guardian deity of village borders, revered to ward off evil and protect the village from disasters.

10. Dhund Utsav (Khammam District)

• Significance: A tribal Holi ritual celebrating husband and wife.
• Rituals: Wives defend food from their husbands, who try to playfully steal it. When the food is stolen, wives retaliate by reprimanding their husbands with sticks.

MUSLIM FESTIVALS IN TELANGANA

1. Muharram (Peerla Panduga)

• Significance: The first month of the Islamic calendar, one of the four sacred months where fighting is forbidden. The term comes from "Haram" (forbidden).
• Observance: Shia Muslims mourn the death of Imam Hussain and the martyrs of Karbala from the 1st to the 10th of Muharram (Youm-e-Ashura).
• In Telangana: Observed by both Hindus and Muslims. The Badeshahi Ashurkhana in Hyderabad is a notable site. The last day features a grand procession carrying "Peerlu" (Alam relics) from Bibi Ka Alam to Chaderghat, led by an elephant.
• Ashurkhanas: Also called Iyambara, Barga, or Alava – pilgrimage sites where Alams (battle standards) are installed to honor Imam Hussain's sacrifice.

2. Ramadan (Ramzan)

• Significance: The ninth month of the Islamic calendar, the most sacred time for Muslims.
• Observance: Fasting from dawn until dusk (Roza), intense prayers, and charity.
• Meals: Pre-dawn meal is "Sahar"; post-sunset meal is "Iftar."
• Hyderabadi Special: Haleem – a porridge with meat, wheat, and spices – is uniquely prepared during Iftar.
• Laylat-ul-Qadr (The Night of Power): The 27th night of Ramadan, signifying when the Holy Quran was revealed to Prophet Muhammad.

3. Zakat and Charity

• Zakat: An obligatory charitable donation based on financial capacity, given by every Muslim.
• Fitr (Fitra): Charity given to the poor before Eid so they can also celebrate the holiday.

4. Bakrid (Eid-ul-Adha)

• Significance: Honors the sacrifice of Prophet Ibrahim, who was ready to sacrifice his son as a sign of obedience to God.
• Ritual: An animal is sacrificed in a ritual known as Qurbani. The meat is shared with family, friends, and those in need.

5. Milad-un-Nabi

• Significance: The birth anniversary of Prophet Muhammad.
• Observance: Celebrated with religious assemblies, prayers, and sermons highlighting the Prophet's life and teachings.

6. Shab-e-Barat

• Date: The 14th of Shaban.
• Significance: A night of deep reverence. Muslims honor the graves of loved ones, pray (Fateha) under the open sky, and recite the first Sura of the Holy Quran.

7. Sufism and Urs

• Sufism: A spiritual side of Islam emphasizing loving devotion to Allah. Sufi saints treated all religions equally, staying away from politics and becoming respected figures who influenced blended cultures, particularly in Hyderabad.
• Dargah: A shrine built over the tomb of a Sufi saint.
• Urs (Urus): The death anniversary of a Sufi saint, observed as "Urs," where devotees gather at the shrine to seek blessings.

SAMMAKKA SARAKKA JATARA (MEDARAM JATARA) : The Largest Tribal Festival in India

Aspect	Details
Location	Medaram village, Mulugu district (erstwhile Warangal), Telangana
Deities	Tribal goddesses Sammakka (mother) and Sarakka / Saralamma (daughter) – worshipped as bamboo sticks smeared with turmeric and vermilion
Community	Koya (Gond) tribe
Period of Origin	Believed to date back to the 12th century CE (Kakatiya era)
Festival Cycle	Held biennially (once every two years) during Magha Sudha Pournami (January – February)
Duration	Four days
Scale	Second-largest fair of India, after the Kumbh Mela; attendance crosses 10 million (1 crore+) devotees

Historic-Cultural Significance

• Anti-Tax Legend: Sammakka and Sarakka led an armed protest against Kakatiya rulers who tried to extract heavy taxes from the Koya tribes. They became martyrs, and the shrine commemorates their sacrifice.
• Eco-Spiritual Practice: Deities are brought from the reserved forest only for the festival; no permanent stone idol or sanctum exists.
• Offerings: Devotees present "Bangaram" (lumps of pure jaggery) equal to their body weight, symbolizing gold.
• Associated Sites:
  • Chilukalagutta hill – starting point of Sammakka procession
  • Kanneboyina Palli – origin of Sarakka procession
  • Jampanna Vagu stream – ritual bath for devotees; named after Jampanna, Sammakka's warrior son
• Epic Link: Medaram lies within the larger Dandakaranya zone, where the Ramayana situates part of Rama's exile.

NAGOBA JAATARA : The Grand Tribal Festival of the Mesaram Clan

Aspect	Details
Location	Keslapur village, Inderavelly Mandal, Adilabad district
Deity	Nagoba (also known as Persa Pen – "The Great God")
Community	Mesaram clan of the Gond tribes
Duration	Nearly 10 days
Scale	Second-largest tribal carnival in India
Participating Regions	Communities from Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Karnataka, Jharkhand, and Madhya Pradesh participate

Nagoba Jatara Celebrations and Rituals

• Opening Ritual: Tribal priests conduct the sacred abhishekam to the Nagoba idol using holy water fetched from the Godavari River (located 70 km away in Jannaram Mandal). This purification ritual is allowed only once in a lifetime for an idol.
• The 'Jhari' Ritual: A sacred 1,400-year-old water container is placed before the puja commences. Gond and Pradhan elders fetch holy water from Hastina Madugu, a revered spot on the Godavari River.

Bheting Ceremony: Introducing New Brides

• An important tradition where newly married Gond women are formally introduced into the clan.
• Those married in the previous year must go through Bheting to meet the clan deities and become eligible to enter the temple.
• Dressed in white saris, the women are now called Bheti Koriad.
• They offer naivedyam in bamboo baskets filled with freshly harvested food grains – bamboo symbolizes their connection with nature, and naivedyam indicates gratitude for a bountiful harvest.

Cultural Festivities

• Gusadi Dance: Performed by Gond tribal dancers, drawing thousands of spectators.
• Traditional Music: Performances at the entrance of the Jangubai cave temple (Kota-Parandoli, Kerameri Revenue Mandal).
• Community Work: Festival women participate communally in food preparation, grinding grains, and providing meals for all involved.

Nagoba Puja: Worship of Persa Pen

• The festival culminates with the Mahapuja of Nagoba (Persa Pen – "Great God").
• This highly revered nighttime ritual marks the initiation of the yearly tribal fair, where thousands gather to obtain blessings and protection from their ancestral deity.

GOLLAGATHA JATARA (PEDDAGATTU JATARA / DURAJPALLY JATARA)

Aspect	Details
Location	Durajpally village, Suryapet district
Deity	Sri Lingamanthula Swamy
Cycle	Once every two years
Duration	Four days
Scale	Second largest Jatara in Telangana (after Sammakka-Sarakka Jatara)

Unique Features

• Begins with ceremonial arrival of Devarapette, a divine box carrying thirty idols.
• Yadavas from Khasimpet decorate a gold pot on the temple's Gopuram.
• A grand procession carries the Makara Toranam.
• Distinctive Custom: Devotees lick prasadam like dogs as a sign of humility.
• Culmination: Ends with the Kesaram ritual.

EDUPAYALA JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Edupayala Vana Durga Bhavani Temple, Medak district (where the Manjeera River splits into seven streams)
Deity	Vana Durga Bhavani
Timing	Three days during Mahashivaratri
Also Known As	Garuda Ganda

Unique Features

• Water Temple: Devotees take a holy bath in Papala Madugu, where the river close to the temple is stuck with a rock, becoming the source of water.
• Multi-Community Participation: Representatives from 18 different communities perform rituals in their respective traditions.
• Grand Finale: Rathotsavam (chariot procession) – the idol of the goddess is paraded around in a chariot.

KONDAGATTU JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Anjaneya Swamy Temple, Jagtial district
Deity	Anjaneya Swamy (with a unique idol)

Unique Features

• The temple's distinctive idol possesses Narasimha Swamy's visage on one side and Anjaneya Swamy's on the other.
• Worshippers observe a 40-day devotion period either before or during the Jatara.
• The site features strange cave formations and a perilous cliff, creating a hidden, sacred atmosphere.

KOMARAVELLI MALLANNA JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Komaravelli village, Siddipet district
Deity	Mallikarjuna Swamy (Mallanna)
Timing	Commences in the month of Magha and continues until Ugadi

Unique Features

• Multiple rituals conducted by the Oggu Pujaris.
• Devotees perform prayers under the Gangireni tree and earnestly implore the deity at Volla Banda (Vallubanda).
• Legend: Lord Mahadeva appeared as Mallanna to wed Balimedala Devi.

KURUMURTHY JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Mahbubnagar district
Deity	Sri Venkateshwara Swamy
Temple Name	Telangana Tirupati (stands on seven hills – Edukondalu)

Unique Feature

• The Madigas of Vaddeman village stitch Uddalu, which is offered to the deity, and receive blessings in return.

MANYAMKONDA JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Manyamkonda, Mahbubnagar district
Deity	Sri Venkateshwara Swamy
Also Known As	Poor Man's Tirupati or Palamoor Tirupati

Unique Features

• Undug water tank (a unique water body)
• Unchiseled idol (not carved but naturally formed)
• Daily pujas performed with Jammi tree leaves

KORAVI JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Koravi village, Mahbubabad district
Deity	Sri Veera Bhadra Swamy
Timing	Shivaratri festival

Significance

• Celebrated in a grand way, dedicated to the local deity south of the river Godavari.

BEJJANKI JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Siddipet district
Deity	Laxmi Narayana Temple

Unique Features

• The temple features intricate carvings of characters from the Samudra Manthan (churning of the ocean).
• Also depicts other deities including forms of Shiva, Krishna, and Vishnu seen in Rasa Nritya.

Aspect	Details
Location	Velala, Mancherial district
Deity	Gattu Mallanna
Timing	Mahashivaratri

Setting

• The temple stands on a hill not far from the flowing waters of the Godavari River.

INAVOLU MALLANNA JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Warangal Urban district
Deity	Mallikarjuna Swamy (initially worshipped as Mailar)

Unique Feature

• Commences with "Peddabandi" – a ritual performed by the Marneni Clan.

TULJA BHAVANI JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Nalgonda district
Timing	During Navaratri
Community	Draws the Lambadi tribes; the chief priest is also from the Lambadi community

NALLAKONDA JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Jagtial district
Deity	Sri Narasimha Swamy

Legend

• This hill was the site where Sri Maha Vishnu, in the form of Narasimha, stepped after defeating Hiranyakashyapa.

KETAKI SANGAMESHWARA SWAMY JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Sangareddy district
Deities	Brahma, Vishnu, and Maheshwara
Timing	From Magha Bahula Dashami to Phalguna Shudda Padyami

Unique Feature

• The festival is thought to heal skin ailments for those who immerse themselves in the Amrutha Gundam (sacred water tank).

JOGINATHA JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Jogipet, Sangareddy district
Timing	Every March
Deity	Local goddess Jogamma

SIDDULAGUTTA JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Armoor Mandal, Nizamabad district
Deity	Siddalingeshwara Swamy (Lord Shiva)

MALDAKAL JATARA (TIMMAPPA JATARA)

Aspect	Details
Location	Maldakal, Jogulamba Gadwal district
Deity	Venkateshwara Swamy (Timmappa)

KOTHAKONDA JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Bhimadevarapalli Mandal, Warangal Urban district
Deity	Kora Meesala Veera Bhadra Swamy

Unique Feature

• The tradition of the mustache offering to this deity has its roots in the Kakatiya period.

SALESHWARAM JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Saleshwaram Shiva Temple, Nallamala Forest, Nagar Kurnool district
Duration	Five days
Also Known As	Telangana's Amarnath
Community	Primarily conducted by the Chenchu tribe

RANGAPUR JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Nagar Kurnool district
Temple	Uma Maheshwara Temple, located in the Nallamala forest

GANGAMMA JATARA

Aspect	Details
Location	Bikkamalla village, Suryapet district
Timing	Ugadi festival
Community	Celebrated by the Masanapalli Yadavas

Unique Ritual

• Lemur Puja: A devotee in the role of a lemur prays to the idol of the deity for allowing the village to partake in the good fortune of the upcoming year. After the puja, the villagers partake in the festival leftovers.

Introduction

Mir Turab Ali Khan, Salar Jung I, was the Prime Minister (Diwan) of Hyderabad State during the reign of Nizam V (Afzal-ud-Daula) and later. His reforms, implemented between 1853 and 1883, transformed the administrative, financial, and educational landscape of Hyderabad, modernizing the state and improving its efficiency and stability.

Administrative Reforms under Salar Jung-I

Kingdom's Extent and Population

• Area: Hyderabad State spanned 82,698 square miles under Salar Jung-I.
• Population: As per the 1881 census, there were 9,845,594 people in the state.

Administrative Structure

Salar Jung-I reorganized the administrative hierarchy into a clear chain of command:

Administrative Level	Units	Headed By
Kingdom	1	Nizam
Subas	5	Sadar Talukadars
Districts	17	Talukdars
Taluks	Multiple	Tahsildars
Villages	Multiple	Patels/Patwaris

Village Administration

Each hamlet had particular officials accountable for various administrative and security duties:

Official	Responsibility
Patwari	Responsible for collecting land taxes and maintaining revenue accounts
Talari	Ensured safety and provided all other requisite services
Dhed	Aided in tasks associated with government and community affairs
Neri	Managed irrigation systems
Sedisindi	Guaranteed the security of nearly 50 homes in the village

Council of Ministers (Sadar-ul-Mihams)

Salar Jung-I reorganized the Council of Ministers with key appointments:

Minister	Portfolio	Name
Minister of Revenue	Revenue	Mukarram-ud-daula Bahadur
Minister of Law	Law	Bashir-ud-daula Bahadur
Head of Police	Police	Shamshir Jung Bahadur
Head of Public Works	Public Works & Other Departments	Shaheb Jung
Private Secretary	Secretariat	Syed Hussain Bilgrami
Prime Minister	Finance, Postal Services, Military	Salar Jung I (himself)

Revenue Reforms

Timeline of Key Reforms

• 1864: Revenue Board was established.
• 1865: Introduction of the Zilabandi System.
  • The Diwani territory was divided into districts for revenue and judicial administration.
  • Nizam at the time: Afzal-ud-Daula
  • British Resident: George Yule
• 1867: Revenue Board was abolished; replaced by Sadar Mahake-i-Malgujari (Central Revenue Board).
  • Officers of this department were known as Muhtamim and Ruknu.
  • Police department was separated from the revenue department.
• 1875: Central Inam Institute was established.
• 1875: Land Revenue Survey and Settlement Department was established for demarcation of boundaries and surveying of lands.

District Classification (Based on Annual Income)

Salar Jung divided districts into three categories based on their annual income:

Category	Annual Income
Primary Category	Income > ₹12,00,000
Secondary Category	Up to ₹10,00,000
Tertiary Category	Up to ₹8,00,000

Land Tax Systems

System	Description	Salar Jung's Reform
Battai System	Land tax collected in the form of crop produce. Officers (Bilmuktadars) collected tax; they were given authority through auction.	Abolished the Battai system and started collecting tax in the form of money.
Ryotwari System	Land tax paid in currency form directly by farmers to the government.	Introduced during Afzal-ud-Daula's period, empowering farmers and eliminating middlemen.

Land Measurement

• Land was measured using a 10-yard chain.
• This standard was known as Bigha or 6/6 chain.
• Significance: Bigha remains an important unit for land measurement in Telangana even today.

Financial Reforms under Salar Jung

Salar Jung I made major financial reforms to improve the economic situation of Hyderabad, focusing on combating graft, raising revenue, modernizing the monetary system, and building an efficient tax apparatus.

1. Replacement of Revenue Farmers with Paid Collectors (1855)

• Appointed paid Collectors in districts to replace Talukdars (contracted revenue farmers).
• This eliminated corrupt practices and created a more transparent and accountable revenue system.

2. Introduction of Hali Sicca Currency (1857)

• Introduced the state's official currency, the Hali Sicca.
• Established a government mint in Hyderabad and abolished all private mints.
• Standardized the currency, ensuring uniform quality and trust in the financial system.

3. Establishment of an Accountant General's Office

• Set up a dedicated office to handle and maintain state accounts.
• Ensured methodical recording of income and expenditure.
• Brought improved financial clarity and accountability.

4. Nationalization of Land Under Tax Farmers

• Took back lands previously controlled by tax farmers and brought them under direct government control.
• Resulted in increased government revenue and stabilized land taxation.

5. Introduction of the Ryotwari System

• Adopted the Bombay model of the Ryotwari system for direct tax collection.
• Impacts:
  • Eliminated middlemen in revenue collection.
  • Improved government revenue intake.
  • Empowered farmers with rights of access to land.

6. Land Survey and Settlement Reforms

• Established a department for accurate land measurement.
• This was a necessary step toward granting individual rights to landowners.
• Enabled fair and systematic tax collection.

7. Expansion of Credit Facilities and Debt Reduction

• Introduced credit facilities at reasonable interest rates.
• Reclaimed and brought under government control lands that had been mortgaged.
• Significantly reduced the State's enormous debts.

Impact of Financial Reforms

• The economy of Hyderabad became transparent, efficient, and remarkably stable.
• Uniform tax collection increased state revenue.
• Direct tax collection and land surveys created a fairer system for all.

Educational Reforms under Salar Jung I

Sir Salar Jung I played a crucial role in the foundation of Western and modern education in the Hyderabad State. His vision was to create a "Skilled Workforce" to run an effective administration.

Establishment of Educational Institutions

Year	Institution	Significance
1855	Darul Uloom School (Oriental College)	Offered instruction in modern languages; signified a shift towards modern education
1870	City High School and Engineering Colleges	Offered general education and technical skills
1872	Chaderghat School	Among the very first contemporary educational institutions in Hyderabad
1873	Madarasa-e-Aliya	Founded to provide education to the offspring of nobles
1878	Madarasa-e-Aizza	Established for the offspring of the royal family
1881	Gloria Girls High School	First institution for girls in Hyderabad
1882	Islamia School	First school for Muslim girls in all of India (founded by Syed Hussain Bilgrami)

Higher Education & Professional Training

Institution	Details
Nizam College (Hyderabad College)	1880: Merged from Chaderghat English High School and School of Engineering. 1887: Re-established with Aghoranath Chattopadhyaya as first principal. 1946: Initially affiliated to Madras University. 1947: Switched affiliation to Osmania University.
Mahabubia College (1884)	Began in Secunderabad, offering opportunities for higher education.

Support for Educational Institutions

• Aligarh Movement: Salar Jung provided generous financial support to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan for establishing educational institutions in Aligarh.
• Appointment of W.H. Wilkinson (1869): Appointed as secretary of the education department; introduced new methods of education that changed the curriculum and teaching approaches.

Administrative Reforms in Education

• Muhtamims Talimat: Appointed to manage the education department, ensuring structured oversight and quality education.
• Khangi's Schools: Private schools in the Nizam period were known as Khangi's, which significantly helped broaden access to education.

Mulki Movement and Its Emergence

Introduction

The Mulki Movement was a struggle for rights and job opportunities for local residents against those from outside the region. The term "Mulki" refers to a local or native resident, while "Gair Mulki" designates a resident from elsewhere. The Mulki issue has its roots in the medieval period and evolved into a full-fledged movement during the rule of the Asaf Jahis.

Historical Context of Mulki Issues

1. Bahmani Period (14th – 16th Century)

The Bahmani Sultanate, which ruled the Deccan after the fall of the Kakatiyas, saw the beginnings of conflict between two groups:

Group	Description
Sunnis (Mulki)	Sunnis from the Delhi Sultanate, especially from the Khilji and Tughlaq dynasties, settled in the Deccan and became part of the Mulki.
Afaqis (Gair Mulki)	Also called Aphakis; those hired from Afghanistan (Afaghana) and Persian converts to Islam as administrators. They were Shias who had migrated from Iran, Iraq, Arabia, and Turkey. They had superior knowledge of Arabic and Persian, which helped them outshine their Sunni rivals.

Result: The Deccanis (Mulkis) became increasingly frustrated as this bias towards the Afaqis extended to official appointments.

2. Qutb Shahi Period (16th – 17th Century)

In the Qutb Shahi dynasty, the founder Quli Qutb Shah was an Afaqi, but he was careful not to replicate the errors made by the Bahmani rulers.

Policies Enacted

• Putting Deccanis in government service as administrators to ensure stability.
• Supporting local cultures (especially Telugu culture) to keep local-outsider relationships peaceful.
• Appointing Telugu key officials like Akkanna and Madanna to ensure that no local grievances arose during his rule.

Result: A relatively peaceful period in terms of local employment policies and administrative representation.

3. Asaf Jahi Period (1724 – 1948)

The Asaf Jahi dynasty, established by Nizam-ul-Mulk in 1724, revived Mulki concerns that had been largely neglected.

Key Developments

• The Nizam brought with him a band of loyal followers from North India, appointing them as ministers and administrators. These officials and their descendants settled in the Deccan but were still regarded as Gair Mulkis (outsiders).
• The situation worsened during Afzal-ud-Daulah's reign (1857–1869), as Gair Mulkis occupied key positions, leading to resentment among native Mulkis.
• This frustration intensified under the last Nizam and gave rise to the Mulki Movements.

First Phase of Mulki and Non-Mulki Conflict (1853-1883)

Introduction

The Mulki-Non-Mulki conflict in Hyderabad became a major socio-political issue during the reign of the 5th Nizam, Afzal-ud-Daulah (1857-1869). It started coming to the fore when Salar Jung-I was appointed Diwan in 1853. His administrative and revenue reforms intensified the conflict between natives (Mulkis) and immigrants (Non-Mulkis).

Causes of the Conflict

1. Administrative Reforms and Influx of Non-Mulkis

• Salar Jung's reforms modernized Hyderabad's administration and attracted Kayasthas and Khatris from North India seeking employment.
• Professionals from the Madras Presidency who spoke English were also recruited due to their administrative proficiency.
• Following the Sepoy Revolt of 1857, the disintegration of the Mughal Empire resulted in many North Indians migrating to Hyderabad.

2. Control of Public Service by Non-Mulkis

• Salar Jung-I, despite knowing local resentment, hired educated Non-Mulkis (especially from Aligarh University) because they had better administrative skills.
• Over time, Non-Mulkis filled high-ranking positions and appointed their relatives and friends from North India.
• This led to widespread discontent among native Mulkis.

Attempts to Control Non-Mulki Influence

Measure	Description
Meeting Restrictions	Meetings with the Nizam, Diwan, and British Resident required special permissions for Non-Mulkis.
No Titles or Jagirs	Prohibited granting titles and Jagirs to Non-Mulkis.
Army Restrictions	Non-Mulkis could not hold positions in the Hyderabad army.
Language Policy	Persian was not replaced by Urdu as official language, preserving Non-Mulki dominance (since they could not speak Urdu).

Balancing Employment: Salar Jung strove to balance both groups, ensuring employment of skilled individuals while protecting native rights, but the ongoing domination of skilled Non-Mulkis continued to create friction.

First Mulki Orders of 1868

In 1868, during Afzal-ud-Daulah's time, Salar Jung-I formalized job security for Mulkis with the issuance of the First Mulki Orders:

• Mulkis should be appointed exclusively to all administrative offices in Hyderabad.
• Priority to locals in recruitment for education and government to enable them to acquire skills to compete with Non-Mulkis.
• This was an early attempt to resolve Mulki grievances and set a precedent for local employment conflicts.

Phase II (1884–1911) – Mahboob Ali Khan & Salar Jung II

Key Events

Year	Event	Details
1883-84	Salar Jung II as Diwan	He was biased in favor of Non-Mulkis.
1884	Language Change	Replaced Persian with Urdu and introduced English as compulsory – disadvantaging Mulkis who were not proficient.
-	Salary Disparity	Non-Mulkis were paid higher salaries; locals lost prominence.
-	Mulki Patram	Mulkis submitted a petition to the 6th Nizam protesting discrimination.

1886 Employee Civil List Data

Category	Number	Percentage	Salary Share
Mulkis	246	52%	42%
Non-Mulkis	230	48%	58%

Result: Despite being fewer in number, Non-Mulkis received higher salaries, widening resentment among Mulkis.

1888 Gazette Notification

• Issued by Nizam Mahboob Ali Khan.
• First official use of the term "Mulki" in government records.
• 12-year residence defined as criteria for Mulki status.
• Preference to Mulkis in jobs; Non-Mulkis required special permission.
• However, Non-Mulki appointments continued despite the notification.

Religious and Cultural Divide

• Though 90% of the population were Hindus, most jobs were held by Non-Mulki Muslims (10%), causing communal tension.

1894 Civil List Data (Under Salar Jung II)

Category	Number
Total Gazetted Employees	680
Mulkis	233
Non-Mulkis	447
Hindus (Total)	63
Mulki Hindus	Only 20

Result: Non-Mulki domination more than doubled since 1886.

Maharaja Kishan Parshad (1901–1912)

• A Mulki Hindu and Diwan, he strongly supported Mulkis.
• Clashed with Kaasan Walker, Finance Minister, who:
  • Promoted Non-Mulkis.
  • Divided Urdu dialects (Northern = civilized; Southern = uncivilized).
• Kishan Parshad resisted this bias and is considered the "Godfather of the Mulki Movement."

1910 Notification

• Non-Mulki posts are temporary.
• Merit-based recruitment through exams.
• Priority to qualified locals.

Result: These efforts partially succeeded in curbing Non-Mulki dominance.

Publications and Press Support

Stance	Publication	Position
Pro-Mulki	Hyderabad Recorder	Defended Mulki rights
Pro-Non-Mulki	Ilahibaksh	"Where is a clever Mulki to rule Hyderabad?"
Pro-Non-Mulki	The Mohammadin	Justified Non-Mulki presence, citing Salar Jung's invitations

Prominent Individuals

• Rai Balamukund:
  • First Hindu Mulki graduate (Madras University, 1885).
  • Became Chief Justice of Hyderabad High Court in 1908.
  • (Hyderabad High Court was established in 1890).

Third Phase of Mulki and Non-Mulki Conflict (1911-1948)

Introduction

Phase three emerged under Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad. The years from 1911 to 1948 were pivotal, seeing developments that lay behind the Mulki identity and exacerbated the Mulki-Non-Mulki divide. The conflict intensified in the 1930s and 1940s, giving birth to Deccan Nationalism.

Leadership Change and Educational Developments

Development	Details
Osmania University (1918)	Founded with Urdu as medium of instruction – an unprecedented step providing higher education to Hyderabad's people.
Language Tension	Non-Mulki officers from North India preferred Lakhnavi Urdu (North Indian dialect) over Deccani Urdu, causing linguistic tensions and reinforcing perceptions of cultural dominance.

Academic Institutions and Employment Disparities

Institution	Medium	Outcome
Osmania University	Urdu	Unable to produce sufficient government officers due to low English proficiency; Mulki students limited in high-status jobs.
Nizam College	English	Graduates well-prepared for high-paying government jobs; Non-Mulki graduates dominated prestigious appointments.

Result: Employment inequalities worsened; Mulkis were left behind while Non-Mulkis thrived.

Cultural and Political Developments: Rise of Deccan Nationalism

The Mulki-Non-Mulki issue transformed into a larger cultural and political movement, fostering a new Deccani identity that aspired to preserve the cultural and political essence of Hyderabad state.

Key Figures and Institutions

Entity	Contribution
Dr. Jorey (Professor, Osmania University)	Early champion of Deccan nationalism; advocated for cultural and political self-determination.
Idara-E-Adabiath-E-Urdu Library (1930)	Founded by Osmania University scholars; became intellectual hub for Deccan Nationalism; published works asserting the uniqueness of the Deccan and lobbying for Mulki rights.

Political Slogans and Mobilization

• Slogan: "Long live Nizam, the royal embodiment of Deccan Nationalism."
• Goal: The movement sought to bring together diverse communities—regardless of caste or religion—under a single regional identity.
• Claim: The Deccan possessed a distinct and special status threatened by the increasing influx of Non-Mulkis and external forces.

Summary Timeline of Mulki Movement

Period	Key Events
Bahmani Period	Origins of Mulki-Afaqi conflict
Qutb Shahi Period	Relatively peaceful due to inclusive policies
1724	Asaf Jahi dynasty begins; Gair Mulkis enter with Nizam-ul-Mulk
1853-1883	First Phase: Salar Jung-I reforms; influx of Non-Mulkis; First Mulki Orders (1868)
1884-1911	Second Phase: Salar Jung II bias; 1886 data shows salary disparity; 1888 Gazette defines Mulki; 1894 data shows Non-Mulki domination; 1910 Notification attempts reform
1911-1948	Third Phase: Osmania University (1918); employment disparities; rise of Deccan Nationalism; Idara-E-Adabiath-E-Urdu (1930)

Nizam's Subjects League (Jameeyat Riya Mame Nizam)

Introduction

In 1935, the Nizam's Subjects League, more commonly referred to as Jameeyat Riya Mame Nizam, was established. Its founding slogan was the powerful rallying cry "Hyderabad for Hyderabadis." Its primary motive was to promote and protect local identity, as well as cultural sovereignty, among the residents of the Nizam's dominion.

Aspect	Details
Year Established	1935
Alternative Name	Jameeyat Riya Mame Nizam
Founding Slogan	"Hyderabad for Hyderabadis"
Primary Motive	Promote and protect local identity and cultural sovereignty
Specific Agenda	Procurement of government jobs for Mulkis (locals)

Origins of the Slogan "Hyderabad for Hyderabadis"

1. Administrative Reforms and Policy Shifts

The governance in Hyderabad saw an enormous shift, chiefly with the disbanding of the old cabinet council in 1919. The new model of rule was that of an executive council.

Change	Impact
Disbanding of Cabinet Council (1919)	Abolished several old-government employment policies
Executive Council Introduced	Emphasized recruitment of local subjects (Mulkis) in civil services
Post-World War I Policy	Recruitment of locals during WWI was retained after the war

Key Development: The Hyderabad Civil Service Committee was established in 1919 via a Farman (Royal Decree). This Committee played a crucial role in enforcing employment policies and sowing the seeds of institutionalized efforts to protect Mulkis from being overpowered by Non-Mulkis in government employment.

2. Implementation of Mulki Rules and Regulations

To further protect the people of Mulki, the Nizam took additional steps:

Measure	Details
Article 39 Implementation	New rules created under Article 39 of the covenant signed by Syed Ali Ahsan (established Gulbarga cantonment in 1853)
Appointment Restrictions	Restricted appointments to native-born subjects and long-term residents
Exclusive Employment	Only Mulkis could get government jobs
Objective	Ensure employment opportunities were preserved for Hyderabadis; prevent Non-Mulkis from dominating administrative structure

3. Formation of Mulki Organizations

In the 1920s, several Mulki organizations emerged that were important in pushing for the rights of local graduates and professionals:

Organization	Focus
Osmania Graduates Association	Concerned with local graduates' job security
Society of Union and Progress (London)	Lobbied on an international basis for Mulki rights

Unification in 1935

• Guaranteeing sufficient representation of Mulkis in decision-making bodies
• Obtaining management posts for native residents
• Reinforcing political activism among Hyderabad's local populace

Implications of the "Hyderabad for Hyderabadis" Slogan

1. Cultural and Social Mobilization

The slogan "Hyderabad for Hyderabadis" took on a meaning far deeper than its immediate, literal sense. It became a symbol of pride for the people of the region.

Impact	Description
Identity Definition	Defined who the Hyderabadis were and their cultural heritage
Cultural Politics	Implied politics of cultural reproduction and economic access
Local Resistance	Defined space for immediate local resistance against state policies that disadvantaged local communities
Hindu-Muslim Unity	Brought together Hindu and Muslim Mulkis for a common purpose: protecting employment rights
Regional Identity	Fostered regional identity, promoting local patriotism and resistance to outside administrative interference
Discontent Expression	Brought to light the growing discontent of native Hyderabadis feeling shut out of their own government

2. Political Reactions and Reforms

The agitation put significant political pressure on the Nizam's administration, leading to:

Outcome	Details
Investigation Committees	Committees formed to look into Mulki complaints, like the Aravamudur Ayyangar Committee (1939)
Mulki Rules Revision	Strengthened local employment protections
Nizam's Initial Support	The Nizam recognized the political value of resolving the Mulki issue
Increased Tensions	When the call for a Responsible Government gained force, the Nizam withdrew support, leading to political instability

3. Decline and Dissolution of the Nizam Subjects League

Although it had early successes in gaining rights for Mulkis, the Nizam Subjects League encountered increasing resistance, resulting in its being dissolved in 1939.

Factor	Description
Rise of Ittehadul Muslimin	Emerged as a potent political force demanding Muslim dominion in Hyderabad, drawing political energy and resources away from the Mulki movement
Internal Divisions	Lack of real support and internal divisions made the organization ineffective
Dissolution Year	1939
Post-1939 Period	From 1939 until the mid-1940s, the organization ceased to be a real player in the political field

Integration of Hyderabad into Indian Union

Introduction

In India's post-independence history, a crucial moment was the 1948 integration of Hyderabad into the Indian Union. The state's Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, sought to maintain its independence rather than accede to India or Pakistan. The violence of the Razakars (a paramilitary force led by Kasim Razvi) and the oppression of the Nizam's police created widespread unrest, justifying the military operation ordered by Governor General C. Rajagopalachari and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

The Join India Movement (1947)

Date	Event
7th August 1947	Join India Movement launched, claiming Hyderabad's accession to the Indian Union
13th August 1947	Nizam declared Hyderabad's independence, refusing to join either India or Pakistan
15th August 1947	Ramananda Theertha defiantly hoisted the Indian National Flag in Hyderabad

Outcome

• The movement morphed into a massive popular uprising within a short time.
• Instead of negotiating, the Nizam had his policemen and the Razakars (a privately-recruited militia) carry out violent reprisals against people in the movement.

The Standstill Agreement and Its Violations (1947-1948)

Standstill Agreement (29th November 1947)

Aspect	Details
Signatories	Nizam of Hyderabad and Government of India
Terms	India took over defense, foreign affairs, communication, and currency of Hyderabad
Nizam's Retained Authority	Internal administration of the state (for one year)
Future Arrangement	After one year, Indian government and Nizam were to decide on future arrangement

Nizam's Violations of the Agreement

The Nizam began violating the agreement almost immediately:

Violation	Details
International Diplomacy	Corresponded with USA, England, and Pakistan seeking support for Hyderabad's independence
Arms Procurement	Sent E.L. Edroos and Ahmed Sayyed to England to procure arms through British dealers
Military Organization	Contracted T.T. Moor (former British army officer) to produce gunpowder for the state
Currency Restrictions	Restricted use of Indian currency; attempted to establish auxiliary currency (stopped by Indian government)
Financial Transaction	Loaned ₹20 crore to Pakistan from Hyderabad's treasury
UN Complaint	Mir Laik Ali (Prime Minister) lodged a formal complaint with the United Nations against India, with help of Sir Walter Monkton

Result: These stark violations made it necessary for the Indian Government to contemplate military force.

Police Action on Hyderabad State (1948) – Operation Polo

Initial Hesitation

Leader	Position
Lord Mountbatten	Opposed military action; favored peaceful resolution
Jawaharlal Nehru	Hesitant; worried about harming India's international reputation and provoking communal riots
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel	Strongly supported military force; argued Hyderabad could not continue as a feudal state within modern India

Operation Polo Launch

Aspect	Details
Date	13th September 1948
Objective	Integrate the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union
Indian Commanders	Lt. Gen. Maharaj Singh (Overall), Maj. Gen. J.N. Choudary (Solapur front), Maj. Gen. Rudra (Vijayawada front)
Nizam's Commander	Maj. Gen. Noor Mohammed

The Surrender of the Nizam (17th September 1948)

Timeline of Surrender

Date	Event
17th September 1948	Prime Minister Mir Laik Ali left office; Nizam accepted defeat
17th September 1948 (Night)	Nizam addressed people via Deccan Radio, ordering forces to stand down
18th September 1948	Military Commander E.L. Edroos officially surrendered to Maj. Gen. J.N. Choudary
22nd September 1948	Nizam withdrew complaint from UN Security Council

Aftermath

Appointment	Details
Military Governor	Maj. Gen. J.N. Choudary appointed Military Governor of Hyderabad
Nizam's Position	Continued as Rajpramukh (Governor) of Hyderabad State under Indian Union

Violation of Mulki Rules and Its Implications

Introduction

Following the Police Action of 1948 and the integration of Hyderabad into the Indian Union, the Mulki Rules— which had been established to protect local employment rights—were systematically violated. This led to widespread resentment among the local population and sowed the seeds for future regional movements in Telangana.

Post-Police Action Administration (1948-1949)

Aspect	Details
Military Governor	Major General J.N. Chaudhuri
Period	September 19, 1948 – December 1, 1949
Local Expectations	Mulkis, particularly Hindus, anticipated increased employment opportunities
Reality	Government jobs predominantly filled by individuals from other Indian states (Madras, Bombay, Central Provinces)
Justification	Outsiders cited for their proficiency in English

Key Issue: Despite the removal of the Nizam's administration, local Mulkis continued to be sidelined in government employment, now by Non-Mulkis from other Indian states rather than from North India or abroad.

Targeted Removal of Muslim Officials

The Military Government systematically removed high-ranking Muslim officials from key administrative positions:

Position	Action
Chief Secretary	Removed
Engineer-in-Chief	Removed
Directors of Major Departments	Removed
Muslim Judges	Forced to retire, transferred out of Hyderabad, or pressured to resign

Impact

• Explicit effort to reduce Muslim representation in civil services
• Created resentment among the Muslim community
• Significant demographic shift in government employment
• Deliberate action that undermined the Mulki principle of local representation

Vellodi Administration and Nehru's Intervention (1950)

Aspect	Details
Chief Minister	M.K. Vellodi (appointed 1950)
Policy Continuation	Exclusion of Muslims from government services continued

Nehru's Intervention

Date	Action
December 23, 1950	Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru wrote a letter expressing concerns over mistreatment of Muslim civil servants
Nehru's Warning	Urged that discriminatory practices be halted to avoid fostering religious animosity
Outcome	Policies remained largely unchanged despite Nehru's concerns

Result: Further marginalization of Muslims in governance and continued violation of Mulki principles.

Language and Cultural Shifts

One of the most significant changes imposed by the new administration was the replacement of Urdu with English as the official language and the medium of instruction at Osmania University.

Change	Impact
Official Language	Urdu replaced by English
Osmania University	Medium of instruction changed from Urdu to English
Affected Population	Those educated in Urdu (particularly local Muslims) were alienated
Result	Exclusion of Urdu-educated locals from bureaucratic and academic roles

Historical Parallel

The forced transition from Urdu to English mirrored an earlier shift from Persian to Urdu during the reign of Salar Jung II, intensifying the cultural and identity crisis faced by the people of Hyderabad.

Appointment of Non-Mulkis in Government Jobs

Pre-Police Action Scenario (1946-1948)

Category	Details
Muslim Appointments	Approximately 50,000 Muslims (mostly non-natives) appointed in critical departments
Departments	Military, Police, and Excise

Post-Police Action Scenario

Category	Details
Dismissals	Many of the 50,000 Muslim officials dismissed
New Appointments	7,000 to 8,000 Non-Mulkis appointed to fill positions
Andhra Appointments	3,111 from Andhra among the new appointees

Cultural Tensions

• These Non-Mulkis often demeaned the local Telangana people
• Stereotyped their language and cultural practices
• Exacerbated regional tensions between Telangana and Andhra regions

Result: The influx of outsiders further diminished the influence of locals in government administration, directly violating the Mulki Rules that had been established to protect local employment.

K.V. Ranga Reddy's Advocacy for Mulki Rights

Recognizing the growing injustice against Telangana natives, K.V. Ranga Reddy emerged as a key advocate for the strict enforcement of Mulki rules.

Aspect	Details
Forum	Congress Party Meetings
Dates	January 23-25, 1950
Key Demands	1. Fixed timeline for removal of Non-Mulki employees 2. Prioritization of local Mulkis in government employment

Significance

K.V. Ranga Reddy's advocacy represented the first organized political response to the violation of Mulki Rules after Hyderabad's integration. His demands would later become central to the Telangana movement for separate statehood.

Summary: Violation of Mulki Rules (1948-1950)

Period	Administration	Key Developments
1948-1949	Military Gov. (J.N. Chaudhuri)	Non-Mulkis from other states appointed; Muslim officials removed
1950	Vellodi Administration	Exclusion of Muslims continued; Nehru's intervention ignored
1950	Language Policy Change	Urdu replaced by English at Osmania University
1948-1950	Employment Shifts	7,000-8,000 Non-Mulkis appointed; locals sidelined
January 1950	Congress Meetings	K.V. Ranga Reddy demanded Mulki rule enforcement

Introduction

In an effort to regulate and define Mulki status in Hyderabad State, J.N. Chowdhury's Military Government issued a Farman on November 1, 1949, outlining the conditions under which individuals could be classified as Mulki. These revised Mulki Rules sought to streamline employment and residency criteria, ensuring that government jobs and privileges were reserved for bonafide residents of Hyderabad.

Aspect	Details
Issuing Authority	Military Government under J.N. Chowdhury
Date	November 1, 1949
Document Type	Farman (Royal Decree)
Purpose	Regulate and define Mulki status; reserve government jobs for bonafide residents

Definition of Mulki Status

According to Rule No. 1, a person qualifies as Mulki if they meet any of the following criteria:

Criterion	Description
1. Birth	Born in Hyderabad State
2. Residence	Residing in Hyderabad State with a legitimate claim to Mulki status
3. Father's Service	Having a father who completed at least 15 years of government service in Hyderabad at the time of their birth
4. Marriage	A woman married to a Mulki is also considered a Mulki

Eligibility Criteria and Exceptions

Rule	Provision
Rule No. 2	A person is automatically recognized as a Mulki by birth if their father was Mulki at the time of their birth
Rule No. 3	Individuals who have permanently resided in Hyderabad for at least 15 years, with no intention of returning to their previous residence, can obtain Mulki status by submitting a magistrate-attested affidavit affirming their claim
Rule No. 4	Non-Mulki women married to Mulki men are granted Mulki status
Rule No. 5	Further extends the classification to spouses (reaffirmation of Rule 4)

Issuance and Regulation of Mulki Certificates

The Farman also outlined procedural rules regarding Mulki certificates:

Rule	Provision
Rule No. 6	Specifies the authority responsible for issuing Mulki certificates
Rule No. 7	Details the application process and the legal consequences of providing false information to obtain a certificate
Rule No. 8	If a Mulki certificate application is rejected, the individual may appeal to the Subedar within one month; the Subedar's decision is final
Rule No. 9	Provides conditions under which a Mulki certificate can be cancelled, including cases where the individual is found guilty of falsifying information or engaging in anti-government activities

Summary: Key Provisions of the 1949 Mulki Rules

Category	Key Points
Mulki by Birth	Born in Hyderabad; father Mulki at time of birth
Mulki by Residence	15 years permanent residence with magistrate-attested affidavit
Mulki by Service	Father completed 15 years government service in Hyderabad
Mulki by Marriage	Women married to Mulki men
Certificate Process	Issuing authority specified; appeal within one month if rejected
Penalties	Certificate cancelled for false information or anti-government activity

Introduction

With the adoption of the Indian Constitution on January 26, 1950, the princely state of Hyderabad was formally integrated into the Union of India under a specific constitutional category. This marked the transition from feudal rule to constitutional governance.

The Indian Constitution categorized states into four parts based on their historical and political backgrounds:

Category	Description	Governance	Examples
Part A States	Former British provinces	Elected Governor and Legislature	Assam, Bihar, Bombay, East Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal
Part B States	Former princely states or groups of Covenanting states	Rajpramukh (a former prince)	Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, PEPSU, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Travancore-Cochin, Vindhya Pradesh
Part C States	Smaller princely states and provinces	Chief Commissioner	Ajmer, Coorg, Cooch-Behar, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Manipur, Tripura
Part D States	Union Territories	Governor appointed by President of India	Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Hyderabad's Position in the New Constitutional Framework

Aspect	Details
Category	Part B State
Effective Date	January 26, 1950
Constitutional Status	Former princely state under Rajpramukh

Key Appointments (January 26, 1950)

Position	Appointee	Previous Role
Rajpramukh	Mir Osman Ali Khan	Last Nizam of Hyderabad
Civil Chief Minister	M.K. Vellodi	Prime Minister of Hyderabad (continuing)

Significance

• The Nizam, who had resisted integration until September 1948, was now the constitutional head of Hyderabad as Rajpramukh.
• M.K. Vellodi transitioned from Prime Minister of the princely state to Chief Minister under the constitutional framework.
• This marked the formal end of princely rule and the beginning of democratic governance in Hyderabad.

Summary: Transition of Hyderabad (1948-1950)

Date	Event	Significance
17-18 Sept 1948	Police Action / Surrender of Nizam	Military takeover; end of Nizam's sovereign rule
19 Sept 1948 – 1 Dec 1949	Military Administration (J.N. Chaudhuri)	Interim military governance
Dec 1949 – Jan 1950	Transition period	Preparation for constitutional integration
26 January 1950	Constitution implemented	Hyderabad becomes Part B State; Nizam as Rajpramukh; Vellodi as Chief Minister

First General Elections in Hyderabad State (1952)

Introduction

The first general elections in Hyderabad State were conducted in February 1952, marking a significant shift towards democratic governance after centuries of princely rule and a brief period of military administration.

Aspect	Details
Election Date	February 1952
Assembly Seats	175 members elected to Hyderabad Legislative Assembly
Parliament Seats	25 members elected to Indian Parliament
Significance	First democratic elections after integration into Indian Union

Pre-Election Political Landscape

Congress Party Divisions

Internal divisions within the Congress Party, known as the Gosai-Desai factions, weakened the party's position in the elections. These factions were led by:

Leader	Faction
Ramananda Thirta	Gosai Faction
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao	Desai Faction

Election Results and Communist Influence

Overall Hyderabad State Assembly Results (175 seats)

Party/Alliance	Seats Won
Congress Party	93
People's Democratic Front (Communists)	42
Socialist Party	12
Independents and Others	28
Total	175

Regional Performance

Region	Congress Performance
Maharashtra Region	Secured majority
Karnataka Region	Secured majority
Telangana Region	Faced significant opposition

Telangana Region Results (101 seats out of 175)

Party/Alliance	Seats Won
Congress Party	46
People's Democratic Front (Communists)	35
Socialist Party	12
Scheduled Castes Federation	5
Independents	3
Total (Telangana)	101

Key Factors in Telangana

• The Communist Party was under a ban at the time of elections
• Communist members contested under the banner of People's Democratic Front
• The influence of the Communist-led Telangana Armed Struggle played a crucial role in their electoral success

Challenges and Allegations Against the Communists

Aspect	Details
Congress Allegations	Claimed Communists used coercion, intimidation, and armed threats to influence voters
Counter-Evidence	High number of votes secured by independent candidates contesting against prominent Congress leaders suggested broader dissatisfaction with Congress

Prominent Congress Leaders Who Faced Strong Opposition

• Jamalapuram Keshava Rao
• Madapati Hanmantha Rao
• Kaloji Narayana Rao

Formation of the First Elected Government

Despite the Communists' impressive victory in Telangana, Congress was able to form the government due to its majority in the Marathwada and Karnataka regions.

Position	Appointee	Details
Chief Minister	Burgula Ramakrishna Rao	First Chief Minister of independent Hyderabad State
Selection Basis	Congress High Command preferred a Telugu leader as Telugu-speaking people constituted 50% of the state's population

Profile of Burgula Ramakrishna Rao

Aspect	Details
Profession	Distinguished lawyer
Scholarship	Proficient in Telugu, Urdu, English, Marathi, Sanskrit, and Persian (polyglot)
Political Background	Active participant in national movements
Social Standing	Strong political and social background
Ideal Choice	His qualifications made him the ideal candidate for leading the newly formed government

Introduction

Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was a distinguished leader, lawyer, and freedom fighter who served as the first elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. His leadership was instrumental in the transition from princely rule to democratic governance and the integration of Hyderabad into the Indian Union.

Personal Life and Education

Aspect	Details
Birth Name	Pullamraju Ramakrishna Rao
Date of Birth	March 13, 1899
Birth Place	Padakal village near Kalwakurthy
Family Background	Telugu Brahmin family
Early Education	Dharmavant School, Hyderabad
Higher Education	BA Honours from Ferguson College, Pune
Legal Education	Law degree from Bombay University

Political and Administrative Career

Timeline of Key Positions

Period	Position	Significance
1923	Practiced law in Hyderabad	Briefly practiced before joining freedom struggle
1931	President of Second Andhra Mahasabha	Held at Devarakonda; marked his leadership in regional politics
1942	Arrested in Quit India Movement	Imprisoned for resistance against British rule
March 6, 1952 – Nov 1, 1956	Chief Minister of Hyderabad	First elected Chief Minister
1956-1960	Governor of Kerala	Appointed after reorganization of states
1960-1962	Governor of Uttar Pradesh	Continued in gubernatorial role
1962-1966	Member of Rajya Sabha	Served in the Upper House of Parliament

Key Achievements as Chief Minister

• Instrumental in integrating Hyderabad into the Indian Union
• Addressed socio-political challenges of the post-integration period
• Led the state during its transition from princely rule to democracy

Honors and Literary Contributions

Academic Honors

Year	Honor	Institution
1953	Doctorate in Literature	Andhra University
1956	Doctorate in Law	Osmania University

Literary Works

Work	Type/Language	Notes
Sri Krishna Shatakam	Telugu Poetry	Original composition
Saaraswatha Vyasa Muktavali	Literary essays	Collection of writings
Karma Kankanam	Telugu	Original work

Translations

Original Work	Translated As	Language
Lahari Panchakam	Pandita Panchamrutham	Telugu
Shankaracharya's Soundaryalahari	Kanakadharastavam	Telugu
Parsi Vagmaya Charitra	(Translated)	Telugu

Other Literary Contributions

• Provided forewords for several prominent Telugu literary works
• Wrote foreword for Dasharathi's Galib Geethaalu

Legacy and Significance

Aspect	Contribution
Governance	First elected CM of Hyderabad; oversaw integration into Indian Union
Freedom Struggle	Active participant in Quit India Movement; President of Andhra Mahasabha
Literature	Prolific writer and translator in Telugu
Education	Held doctorates from two major universities
Public Service	Served as Governor of two states and Rajya Sabha MP

Introduction

The City College Incident of September 3rd and 4th, 1952, marked a turning point in the Mulki Movement, escalating tensions between student protesters and the police. This event transformed the movement from a student-led agitation to a broader public protest, drawing the general public into the struggle against Non-Mulki dominance in government employment.

Aspect	Details
Date	September 3-4, 1952
Location	City College, Pattar Ghat, Afzalganj (Hyderabad)
Context	Protests against Non-Mulki appointments in government jobs
Significance	Turning point in Mulki Movement; transformed student agitation into public protest

Background: Prohibitory Orders and Student Protests

September 2, 1952 – Police Commissioner's Warning

Official	Action
Sri Shiva Kumarlal	Hyderabad's Police Commissioner issued a stern warning urging parents to control their children to prevent violence or misbehavior
Threat	Threatened punishment for any violations of law and order

September 3, 1952 – Prohibitory Orders Issued

Aspect	Details
Legal Basis	Section 22 of the Hyderabad City Police Act
Restrictions	Strikes, meetings, and rallies banned in the city
Notification	Principal of City College, Dr. Ram Lal, officially notified students about restrictions
Student Response	Despite the ban, students at City College and surrounding areas continued to protest against non-Mulki appointments

Attempt at Pacification

Leader	Action	Outcome
Konda Laxman Bapuji	Attempted to pacify protesting students	Unsuccessful; agitation intensified

Police Firing and Casualties

Day 1: September 3, 1952 – City College and Pattar Ghat

Aspect	Details
Location	City College and Pattar Ghat
Action	Police opened fire on Mulki protesters
Deaths	2
Injuries	147

Day 2: September 4, 1952 – Afzalganj

Aspect	Details
Location	Afzalganj
Action	Additional police firing
Deaths	4
Injuries	Many more

Note: Several casualties were not students but ordinary civilians caught in the chaos.

Victims of Police Firing

Name	Age	Occupation
Mohammad Khasim	22	Factory worker
Shaik Mohammad	30	Rickshaw puller
Mohammad Khan	35	Private employee
Ramulu	18	Private employee
Shaik Mukthar	40	Private employee
Jamaluddin	40	Private employee

Significance of Victim Profile

• Victims included factory workers, rickshaw pullers, and private employees
• Ages ranged from 18 to 40
• Diverse occupational backgrounds showed that the movement had transcended student boundaries
• The deaths of ordinary civilians drew the general public into the struggle

Impact of the City College Incident

Impact	Description
Transformation of Movement	Shifted from student-led agitation to broader public protest
Public Involvement	Drew the general public into the struggle against Non-Mulki dominance
Escalation	Marked the first major violent confrontation in the Mulki Movement
Martyrs	Created martyrs for the cause, strengthening popular resolve
Political Pressure	Increased pressure on the government to address Mulki grievances

Introduction

As the Mulki Movement intensified following the City College Incident (September 3-4, 1952), the government responded by forming a Ministerial Sub-Committee on September 7, 1952, to examine the Mulki Rules and propose necessary revisions. However, alongside this conciliatory measure, the government also resorted to stringent actions to suppress dissent.

Composition of the Ministerial Sub-Committee

Aspect	Details
Date Formed	September 7, 1952
Purpose	Examine Mulki Rules and propose revisions; address concerns of local Mulkis regarding recruitment of non-Mulkis in government jobs

Committee Members

Member	Background/Association
Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy	Prominent Congress leader; advocate for Mulki rights
Phoolchand Gandhi	Prominent leader
Dr. Melkote	Prominent leader
Nawazjung	Prominent leader

Mandate

The committee was tasked with analyzing employment policies and addressing the concerns of local Mulkis regarding the recruitment of non-Mulkis in government jobs.

Use of Preventive Detention to Suppress Protests

As the movement gained momentum, the government resorted to stringent measures to suppress dissent.

Arrests of Journalists (September 13, 1952)

Journalist	Publication	Action	Allegation
Sayyad Akthar Hussain	Urdu newspaper 'Aavaadh' (editor)	Arrested under Preventive Detention (PD) Act	Alleged role in supporting Mulki agitation
Begum Sadiq Jahan	Journalist	Detained	Supporting Mulki movement

Significance of Arrests

• Highlighted the government's crackdown on media voices advocating for the movement
• Seen as an effort to silence voices supporting the Mulki cause rather than addressing legitimate demands
• Escalated tensions further

Impact of the Committee and Arrests

Measure	Intended Effect	Actual Outcome
Ministerial Sub-Committee	Pacify unrest through dialogue and policy review	Failed to curb public resentment; protests continued
Arrest of Journalists	Suppress dissent and media support	Escalated tensions; seen as attack on free speech

Overall Result

The Mulki Movement continued to evolve, with growing pressure on the government to implement stricter employment regulations that would prioritize local candidates over non-Mulkis in state administration.

Introduction

As the Mulki agitation escalated following the City College Incident (September 3-4, 1952), the Hyderabad State Government appointed a committee under the chairmanship of Justice Pingali Jaganmohan Reddy to investigate the police firing on protestors. The committee conducted an extensive inquiry into the circumstances leading to the violence, the role of law enforcement, and the political impact of the movement.

Aspect	Details
Committee Chair	Justice Pingali Jaganmohan Reddy
Appointed By	Hyderabad State Government
Purpose	Investigate police firing on protestors (Sept 3-4, 1952)
Report Submission Date	December 28, 1952

Investigation Process and Key Findings

Areas Visited by the Committee

Location	Significance
High Court	Area affected by protests
City College	Primary site of first firing (Sept 3)
Pattarghat	Site of first firing (Sept 3)
Afzalgunj	Site of second firing (Sept 4)

Inquiry Methodology

Aspect	Details
Nature	Conducted publicly
Witnesses	Nearly 100 eyewitnesses provided testimonies
Officials Interviewed	Multiple key officials (listed below)

Officials Interviewed by the Committee

Name	Position
Burgula Rama Krishna Rao	Chief Minister of Hyderabad
Mohanappa	Inspector General of Police
Shivakumarlal	Police Commissioner
Sunder Pillai	Deputy Commissioner of Police
Brigadier Subbaiah	Military official
Dr. Ramlal	City College Principal
Collector of Hyderabad	District Administrator

Key Observations and Analysis

1. Causes of Police Firing

Finding	Details
Primary Cause	Lack of coordination between political leaders, representatives, and law enforcement authorities
Effectiveness	Despite opening fire, police failed to effectively control the situation
Assessment	Highlighted serious lapses in handling public protests

2. Scale and Nature of Agitation

Aspect	Details
Estimated Agitators	Around 40,000
Commitment Level	Intense dedication to the movement
Protestor Actions	Burned a wireless van; attacked police officers with stones
Escalation Point	Protestors appeared to be moving towards attacking a police station
Police Justification	This perceived threat prompted police to resort to firing

3. Assessment of Police Action

Finding	Details
Initial Confidence	Police initially confident they could control agitators
Recourse to Firing	Committee deemed the firing unnecessary
Overall Judgment	Critical of police response to the agitation

4. Role of Political Leaders

Finding	Details
Pacification Efforts	Political leaders and officials made efforts to pacify protesting students
Underlying Cause	Deep-rooted insecurity among students regarding non-Mulkis continued to fuel the movement
Effectiveness	Negotiations proved ineffective due to intensity of grievances
Serious Allegation	Certain political leaders accused of exploiting the movement and manipulating students for personal gains

Recommendations and Government Response

Recommendations to the Public

Recommendation	Description
To Students, Parents, and Public	Maintain discipline and adhere to principles of responsible citizenship

Key Policy Recommendation

Recommendation	Significance
Implement Mulki Rules	Strongly recommended that the government implement and enforce Mulki rules and regulations to address local grievances and prevent further unrest

Impact of the Report

Aspect	Contribution
Policy Formation	Played a crucial role in shaping future policies related to employment and administrative reforms in Hyderabad
Government Accountability	Underscored the importance of government accountability in handling mass movements
Crisis Management	Highlighted need for effective crisis management strategies

Formation of Andhra State (1953)

Introduction

The formation of Andhra State on October 1, 1953, with Kurnool as its capital, marked a significant milestone in the reorganization of Indian states based on linguistic identity. However, the process leading to this decision was shaped by several historical agreements, committee reports, and political debates. The demand for Telangana as a separate state also emerged during this period due to regional concerns and disparities.

Formation of Andhra State and Early Efforts

Andhra State Congress (1918)

Leader	Position
Nyapathi Subbarao	President
Konda Venkatappayya	Secretary

Role: Played a key role in mobilizing support for a separate Andhra state.

The Sreebagh Pact (1937)

Aspect	Details
Date	1937
Parties	Rayalaseema and Andhra leaders
Location	Kashinathuni Nageshwar Rao's residence, "Sreebagh" in Madras
Purpose	Attempt to resolve internal disputes within Telugu-speaking regions
Issues Addressed	State capital selection and resource allocation

Significance: The Sreebagh Pact was an early attempt to address regional disparities within the Telugu-speaking areas, though its implementation would later become contentious.

Committees on State Reorganization

1. S.K. Dhar Commission (1948)

Aspect	Details
Appointed By	Indian Constitutional Council
Date	June 1948
Chair	S.K. Dhar
Members	Jagat Narain Lal, Panna Lal
Report Submission	December 1948
Purpose	Assess feasibility of forming states based on linguistic identity

Key Recommendation

Finding	Details
Opposition to Linguistic States	Argued that state formation should be guided by administrative efficiency rather than language

2. J.V.P. Committee (1948)

Aspect	Details
Convened By	Indian National Congress
Date	December 1948
Purpose	Review Dhar Commission's findings
Members	Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Pattabhi Sitaramayya

Key Recommendations

Decision	Details
General Principle	Recommended delaying the creation of linguistic states
Exception	Supported the formation of an Andhra state on linguistic grounds

Significance: The J.V.P. Committee's recommendation to create Andhra State marked the first recognition of language-based statehood in India, setting a precedent for future reorganization.

Emergence of Telangana Demand

The formation of Andhra State in 1953, while fulfilling the long-standing demand of Andhra leaders, also gave rise to concerns in the Telangana region:

Concern	Description
Regional Disparities	Fear of dominance by more advanced coastal Andhra region
Employment Concerns	Mulki Rules (already violated) faced further threat
Cultural Identity	Distinct Telangana culture and dialect at risk of being subsumed
Economic Resources	Concerns about exploitation of Telangana's resources

State Reorganisation Commission (SRC)

Introduction

With the formation of Andhra State in 1953, the demand for the formation of states on a linguistic basis increased across the country, including South India. Gujaratis, Punjabis, Marathas, Malayalis, and Kannadigas demanded the formation of separate linguistic states. The central government decided that the reorganization of states should be done on a permanent basis and formed the State Reorganisation Commission (SRC) to study these demands.

Formation of the State Reorganisation Commission (SRC)

Aspect	Details
Announcement	December 22, 1953 (Prime Minister Nehru in Parliament)
Establishment	December 29, 1953 (by resolution of Home Department)
Purpose	Examine the issue of reorganization of states in the Indian Union beyond emotions; welfare of the people to be kept in mind

Commission Members

Position	Name	Background
President	Syed Fazal Ali	Governor of Orissa
Member	Hridaynath (H.N.) Kunjru	Member of the Council of States
Member	Kavalam Madhav (K.M.) Panikkar	Indian Ambassador in Egypt

Process

• The SRC toured many parts of the country to understand the opinions of various groups and organizations
• Visited Hyderabad in 1954 (June-July)

Representations Made to SRC in Hyderabad

Positions Presented to SRC (June–July 1954)

Position	Advocates
In favor of separate Telangana	K.V. Ranga Reddy, Marri Chennareddy
In favor of Vishalandhra	Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Swamy Ramananda Tirtha, and others

Slogan by Swami Ramananda Tirtha: "Dismantle the Hyderabad Empire and clean up the traces of royalty"

Representations from Different Regions and Groups

Location/Group	Position	Key Figures
Karimnagar district (July 1954)	Demanded Telangana state	Students
Warangal	Vishalandhra	Kaloji Narayanarao (on behalf of Telangana Writers Association)
Warangal Congress	Separate Telangana	N. Ramchandra Reddy
Warangal	Vishalandhra	Hayagrivachari, Dr. T. Suryanarayana
Osmania University	Separate Telangana	Students (including Jayashankar)
Teachers' Association	Separate Telangana	Thota Anandarao

SRC Report Submission and Presentation

Date	Event
September 30, 1955	Fazal Ali submitted report to central government
October 10, 1955	Central government presented SRC report before Parliament
August 31, 1956	President approved the SRC bill

Report Structure

Chapter	Content
Chapter 5	Hyderabad state
Chapter 6	Andhra state
Paragraphs 359-368	Partition of Hyderabad state
Paragraphs 369-389	Detailed discussion of Vishalandhra and Telangana state arguments

SRC Recommendation on Number of States

• Recommended 16 states and 3 Union Territories (along with Hyderabad/Telangana and Vidarbha)

Three Options Considered by SRC

Option	Description
Option 1	Divide Hyderabad state into 3 parts on linguistic basis; merge Telangana with Andhra to form Vishalandhra
Option 2	Divide Hyderabad state and form a separate Telangana state with its 10 districts
Option 3	Keep the Hyderabad state as it is

Key Decision on Hyderabad Partition

Since public opinion was strong to divide the Hyderabad state both inside and outside, SRC recommended the partition of Hyderabad state:

• Kannada areas to merge with Mysore state
• Maratha areas to merge with Bombay state
• Telugu region (Telangana) – special consideration (not simply merged)

Arguments for Vishalandhra (Paragraphs 369-374)

Advantage	Details
Size & Population	Coastal state with 32 million people
Resources	Vast water resources, power, minerals, important raw materials
Capital	Twin cities (Hyderabad-Secunderabad) best suited as capital; solves Andhra's capital problem
River Management	Krishna and Godavari under same control; Krishna-Godavari Rivers Scheme becomes prestigious project
Irrigation	Larger scope for implementation of schemes in eastern areas of two river basins
Food Security	Telangana suffers foodgrain shortage; Andhra has surplus
Coal Resources	Andhra needs coal; Telangana has Singareni coal reserves
Revenue	Telangana can generate significant revenue for general administration
Sentiment	Vishalandhra sentiment emotionally attached from a long period; worthy of consideration unless strong reason to contrary

Arguments for Separate Telangana (Paragraphs 375-380)

Concern	Details
Financial Disparity	Andhra facing financial difficulties; per capita income much less than Telangana
Telangana's Revenue	High income from land taxes and ₹5 crore excise annually; fewer chances of economic problems
Fund Diversion Fear	Fear that Telangana money will be transferred to Andhra region; Telangana will face shortage for welfare schemes
Administrative Benefits	Uniting with Andhra has no additional administrative benefits for Telangana
Development Plans	Doubts about Telangana's importance in future plans; Nandikonda, Kustapuram, Godavari projects vital for Telangana
River Rights	Telangana not ready to give up independent rights on Krishna and Godavari river waters (planned for delta region)
Employment Competition	Andhra people ahead in education; fear of losing opportunities; Telangana becoming "migratory home" for Andhra businessmen
Self-Sufficiency	Telangana income: ₹17 crore; can be spent on Krishna-Godavari projects; many ways to increase income
Financial Position	No reason to worry after Finance Commission recommendations (April 1952); central income tax and excise likely to increase

SRC's Final Recommendation

The "Telangana with Merger Option" Formula

Element	Details
Immediate Decision	Form separate Telangana state (can be named Hyderabad state) with 10 districts
Merger Option	If two-thirds of members elected to Hyderabad state assembly in 1961 agree to merge with Andhra, merger can be considered
If Not	Telangana continues as separate state

Districts Proposed for Telangana / Hyderabad State

Region	Districts/Areas
Telangana Districts	Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda, Warangal (along with Khammam), Karimnagar, Adilabad, Nizamabad, Hyderabad, Medak
Additional Areas	Bidar, along with Munagala Paragana in present Krishna district of Andhra

Advantages of the Transition Period

Advantage	Description
Governance Stability	Two governments stabilize governance in next five years
Unobstructed Unification	No obstruction to Andhra's unification process
Revenue Review	Opportunity to review land revenue systems
Overcoming Fear	Transition period helps overcome fear of merging
Consensus Building	Time for consensus between two states
Reconciliation	Common interests may result in reconciliation

Final Note

"Telangana will remain as a separate state if the Public Opinion in Telangana is against unification and if there is no favorable atmosphere for the merger of the two regions."

Leaders' Views on Telangana and Vishalandhra

Support for a Separate Telangana State

Leader	Position	Viewpoint
K.V. Ranga Reddy	Minister, Hyderabad State	Advocated separate Telangana; emphasized economic self-sufficiency and protection of regional welfare
J.V. Narsing Rao	President, Hyderabad Pradesh Congress Committee	Supported majority opinion of Telangana; urged impartial recommendation
Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy	Agriculture Minister, Hyderabad State	Favored two Telugu states; stressed governance efficiency over linguistic unity
Shahabuddin Ahmad Khan	Mayor of Hyderabad	Opposed Vishalandhra citing widespread Telangana opposition

Support for Vishalandhra (United Andhra Pradesh)

Leader	Position	Viewpoint
Bezawada Gopal Reddy	Chief Minister, Andhra State	Encouraged patience; willing to accept SRC recommendations
Ayyadevara Kaleshwara Rao	President, Vishalandhra Mahasabha	Criticized delay; supported immediate merger
Paga Pulla Reddy	Secretary, Vishalandhra Mahasabha	Opposed delay; demanded quick legislative resolutions
Tenne Vishwanadham	Andhra Leader	Favored unified Andhra Pradesh; noted contradiction in SRC conclusions

Conclusion

The passionate arguments from both sides presented to the SRC underscored the deep emotional and political significance of the state's reorganization, setting the stage for complex negotiations and the eventual Gentlemen's Agreement that followed.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar – Views on Smaller States

Introduction

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, one of India's foremost constitutional experts and social reformers, had a nuanced perspective on the creation and administration of smaller states in India. His views on this topic are derived from his writings, speeches, and contributions to the framing of the Indian Constitution. Ambedkar's insights into the need for smaller states are rooted in his broader vision of an inclusive and equitable governance structure that could cater to the diverse needs of India's vast and varied population.

Historical Context: Merger of Princely States

Period	Development
Pre-1947	India had more than 500 samsthans (principalities) of varying sizes
1947-1950	Merger of all these samsthans into the Indian Union
1950	28 units formed after integration
Example	In 1948, 30 samsthans with 27,000 sq. km. merged to form Himachal Pradesh

Challenges

• Smaller samsthans could not be self-sufficient or meet administrative expenditure
• Multilingualism and diverse cultures posed administrative and cultural problems
• Strong desire emerged for language-based states

Ambedkar's Critique of the State Reorganization Commission (SRC)

Observations on SRC Recommendations

Critique	Details
Geographical Area	Commission not according due weightage to geographical area
Consequences of Merger	Not considering consequences of diverse geographical areas of merging states
Grave Mistake	Called this the "most grave mistake" of the commission
Warning	If lapses not corrected, severe consequences would follow; country would pay heavy price for population differences

Main Cause of Opposition

Issue	Description
Imbalance of Political Power	Genesis of imbalance in political power across the country
North-South Disparity	Smaller states in south, bigger states in north could lead to future crisis

Suggested Solution

Recommendation	Details
Divide Large States	Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh should be separated into smaller states
Population Limit	For efficient administration, no state should have more than 2 crore people

Principle of "One Language, One State"

Ambedkar's Elaboration

Principle	Explanation
One Language, Multiple States	People speaking same language could form several states to enable balance of power, meet people's needs, and ensure efficient administration
Progressive Development	This approach would lead to progressive development of the country

Application to Maharashtra

Aspect	Details
Area	1.74 lakh square miles (Marathi-speaking)
Population	3.3 crores
Conclusion	Impossible for efficient administration as single unit
Proposed Division	Should be separated into 4 parts: Bombay, Paschim (Konkan), Marathwada, Eastern Vidarbha

Outcome

Though states were not immediately separated as per Ambedkar's suggestions, territories underwent significant change in the 1960s and 1970s.

Arguments for Smaller States

1. Administrative Efficiency

Argument	Explanation
Responsive Governance	Smaller states lead to more efficient and responsive governance
Easier Management	Smaller administrative units more easily managed
Better Implementation	Ensures better implementation of policies tailored to regional needs
Reduce Bureaucracy	Reduces bureaucratic delays; local issues receive attention

2. Representation and Local Governance

Argument	Explanation
Better Representation	Facilitates better representation of diverse communities
Avoid Neglect	Prevents certain areas/communities from feeling neglected
Attuned Governance	Local governance attuned to specific cultural, social, economic contexts
Inclusive Participation	Leads to more inclusive and participatory governance

3. Economic Development

Argument	Explanation
Focused Development	Can focus more effectively on economic development
Local Resources	Policies designed to harness local resources and promote local industries
Regional Disparities	Addresses regional disparities
Balanced Growth	Prevents concentration of economic activities in few areas

4. Cultural and Linguistic Identity

Argument	Explanation
Preserve Languages	Helps preserve and promote regional languages and cultures
Marginalization Prevented	Languages often marginalized in larger states get recognition
Stronger Identity	Linguistic/cultural homogeneity leads to stronger sense of identity
Social Cohesion	Fosters social cohesion and stability

Ambedkar's "Thoughts on Linguistic States"

Key Arguments

Argument	Details
Need for Linguistic States	Diversity of languages requires states organized on linguistic lines for better governance
Prevent Language Dominance	Prevents dominance of any single language; promotes linguistic equality
Balanced Regional Development	Smaller, linguistically homogeneous states can focus on specific development needs
Prevent Linguistic Chauvinism	Warned against dangers of linguistic chauvinism; stressed need for tolerance and national unity

Ambedkar's Concerns and Safeguards

Concern	Safeguard
Risk of Parochialism	States should not foster narrow regionalism that undermines national unity
Economic Viability	Ensure states have sufficient resources to sustain themselves; avoid dependency on central assistance
Administrative Challenges	Well-thought-out process for smooth transitions and effective governance
Minority Rights	Protect linguistic, cultural, and religious minorities within each state; ensure states don't become exclusionary

Contemporary Relevance

Recent State Reorganizations

State	Year	Basis
Uttarakhand	2000	Mountain region development
Jharkhand	2000	Economic foundation and Girijan (tribal) area development
Chhattisgarh	2000	Economic foundation and tribal area development
Telangana	2014	29th state; formed keeping in view advantages of smaller states

Assessment of Newer States

State	Progress	Challenges
Uttarakhand	Successful in economic and political stability goals	-
Chhattisgarh	Political stability; some economic progress	Internal Maoist threat
Jharkhand	Dismal picture politically and economically	Governance challenges
Telangana	Taking rapid strides under able administration	-

Key Observation

"Irrespective of the area of state, with suitable and apt leadership the state could take a rapid path to social and economic growth and development."

Ambedkar's Population Formula

Parameter	Recommendation
Ideal State Population	About 2 crores (as suggested by Ambedkar)
Theoretical Implication	India would need 50 small states
Political Feasibility	Not politically feasible
Practical Alternative	States with population of 5 crores could be basis for reorganization for good governance

Conclusion: Ambedkar's Vision and Telangana

Aspect	Significance
Administrative Efficiency	Smaller states ensure efficient governance
Representation	Better representation for diverse communities
Economic Development	Focused development harnessing local resources
Cultural Identity	Preservation of regional languages and cultures
Telangana's Formation (2014)	Vindication of Ambedkar's principles
Current Trajectory	Telangana taking rapid strides under able administration

The creation of Andhra Pradesh was a result of a long-standing demand for linguistic reorganization, political movements, and central government interventions. After the formation of Andhra State on October 1, 1953, the State Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was appointed to assess linguistic state demands across India. The SRC submitted its report on September 30, 1955, laying the foundation for merging Telangana with Andhra, despite opposition from several Telangana leaders.

EARLY ADVOCACY FOR VISHALANDHRA

Role of the Communist Party

Leader	Contribution
Puchalapalli Sundarayya	Outlined benefits of unifying Telangana with Andhra in his book "Vishalandhra lo Praja Rajyam" (1946); advocated slogan "One race, one language, one state"
Ravi Narayana Reddy	Wrote about lobbying efforts for Vishalandhra in his autobiography "Na Jeevana Patham lo"

FIRST VISHALANDHRA MEETING (FEBRUARY 1950)

Aspect	Details
Location	Warangal
Chair	Hayagrivachari
Date	February 1950

Key Developments

Participant	Position
Swami Ramananda Tirtha	Strengthened demand for Vishalandhra
Marri Chenna Reddy	Opposed merger; favored separate Telangana
K.V. Ranga Reddy	Opposed merger; favored separate Telangana

Crucial Resolution

• Establish Vishalandhra with Hyderabad as its capital

Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu's Declaration

"Formation of Vishalandhra is the birthright of all Andhra people."

First Anniversary

• Celebrated on November 26, 1950
• Leaders like Prakasam Pantulu communicated with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, emphasizing its importance

SECOND VISHALANDHRA MEETING (1954)

Aspect	Details
Location	Hyderabad
Chair	Shrirangam Srinivas Rao (Shri Sri)
President of Invitation Society	Baddham Ellareddy
Secretary	Ravi Narayana Reddy
Promoter	Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao (distributed pamphlets and publications)

Supporting Newspapers

• Vishalandhra
• Kakatiya
• Andhra Janata
• Andhra Patrika

Central Government Support

Leader	Position
Kailashnath Katju	Defense Minister
Lal Bahadur Shastri	Railway Minister
Sayyad Mohammad	External Affairs Minister

Opposition and Reservations

Leader	View
C. Rajagopalachari	Suggested keeping Hyderabad as a multilingual state
S.K. Patil (Mumbai PCC President)	Secret survey revealed many Telangana residents preferred separate state

PRIME MINISTER NEHRU'S STAND ON VISHALANDHRA

Initial Position (July 15, 1951)

Event	Statement
All India Congress Committee Meeting	Dismissed Vishalandhra as "loose talk"
Location	Bengaluru

Later Characterization

• Described Vishalandhra as a form of "aggression and imperialism"

Factors Influencing Nehru's Shift

Factor	Explanation
Threats from Andhra Leaders	Warned that if Hyderabad remained separate, it could revive Nizam's appeal to the United Nations, disrupting India's stability
Fear of "Southern Pakistan"	Argument that an independent Telangana might encourage separatist tendencies, creating another "Pakistan-like" situation in South India
Lack of Capital for Andhra	Andhra lacked a capital after separating from Madras; leaders pushed for Hyderabad to be the capital
Nehru's Caution	Despite supporting merger, he remained cautious, famously comparing it to a "marriage" where divorce was an option if things didn't work out

RESOLUTIONS IN FAVOR OF VISHALANDHRA

1. Bejawada Gopala Reddy's Resolution (November 5, 1955)

Aspect	Details
Leader	Bejawada Gopala Reddy
Date	November 5, 1955
Key Promise	Educational and employment reservations for Telangana based on its population

2. Hyderabad State Assembly Discussion (November 25, 1955)

Aspect	Details
Leader	Chief Minister Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
Assurance	Andhra people were "not conquerors"; promised special protections for Telangana

3. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy's Resolution (February 1, 1956)

Aspect	Details
Leader	Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy
Date	February 1, 1956
Key Safeguards Promised	No claim by Andhra on one-third of Telangana jobs Utilization of Godavari waters for regional development

KEY FIGURES IN THE VISHALANDHRA MOVEMENT

Leader	Role/Position
Puchalapalli Sundarayya	Communist leader; author of "Vishalandhra lo Praja Rajyam"
Ravi Narayana Reddy	Communist leader; Secretary of 2nd Vishalandhra Meeting
Hayagrivachari	Chair of 1st Vishalandhra Meeting (Warangal)
Swami Ramananda Tirtha	Strengthened demand for Vishalandhra
Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu	Declared Vishalandhra as "birthright" of Andhra people
Shrirangam Srinivas Rao (Shri Sri)	Chair of 2nd Vishalandhra Meeting
Baddham Ellareddy	President of Invitation Society (2nd meeting)
Devulapalli Ramanuja Rao	Promoted merger through pamphlets and newspapers
Bejawada Gopala Reddy	Passed resolution with safeguards (Nov 1955)
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao	Gave assurances in Assembly (Nov 1955)
Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy	Passed resolution with specific safeguards (Feb 1956)

Introduction

A meeting of the representatives of Andhra and Telangana regions was called at Hyderabad House Guest House in Delhi on 20th February, 1956. The two regions were represented by their top state leadership, with four representatives each from both regions, under the supervision of Govind Vallabh Pant. The agreement was arrived at on 20th February, 1956, and was signed by both Telangana and Andhra leaders who attended the meeting.

SIGNATORIES TO THE GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT

Leaders from Andhra Region

Name	Position
Bezawada Gopala Reddy	Chief Minister of Andhra
N. Sanjeeva Reddy	Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra
Sardar Gouthu Latchanna	Minister in Andhra Cabinet & Leader of Krishikar Lok Party (constituent of United Congress Front)
Alluri Satyanarayana Raju	President, Andhra Provincial Congress Committee

Leaders from Telangana Region

Name	Position
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao	Chief Minister of Hyderabad
K.V. Ranga Reddy	Revenue Minister, Hyderabad
Dr. M. Chenna Reddy	Planning Minister, Hyderabad
J.V. Narsinga Rao	President, Hyderabad Provincial Congress Committee

14 POINTS OF THE GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT

Point 1: Financial Arrangements

The expenditure of the Central and General Administration of the State should be borne proportionately by the two regions and the balance of income from Telangana should be reserved for expenditure on the development of Telangana area. This arrangement will be reviewed after five years and can be continued for another five years if the Telangana members of the Assembly so desire.

Point 2: Prohibition of Liquor

Prohibition of liquor in Telangana should be implemented in the manner decided upon by the Assembly members of Telangana.

Point 3: Educational Safeguards

The existing educational facilities in Telangana should be secured to the students of Telangana and further improved. Admission to Colleges, including technical institutions in the Telangana area, should be restricted to the students of Telangana area, or they should have admission to the extent of one third of the total admission in the entire state, whichever is advantageous to Telangana students.

Point 4: Job Retrenchment

Retrenchment of jobs should be proportionate from both regions if it becomes inevitable due to merger of two regions.

Point 5: Recruitment Based on Population

Future recruitments to jobs will be on the basis of population from both regions.

Point 6: Language and Urdu

The position of Urdu in the administrative and judicial matters existing at present in the Telangana area may continue for about five years; after that if needed the regional council by discussions may amend the position of Urdu. So far as recruitment to jobs is concerned, there should not be any rule like the person should know the Telugu language, but they should be required to pass a prescribed Telugu test in two years' time after appointment.

Point 7: Domicile Rules

Some kind of domicile rules were made e.g., residence for 12 years should be there, to be considered as Local and those candidates only eligible to enter into jobs allocated for Telangana region.

Point 8: Agricultural Land Sales

Sales of agricultural lands in Telangana area to be under the control of the Regional Council.

Point 9: Establishment of Regional Council

A Regional Council will be established for the Telangana area with a view to secure its all-round development in accordance with its needs and requirements.

Point 10: Composition of Regional Council

• 9 members of the assembly, representing each district of Telangana, to be elected by the Assembly members of the Telangana districts separately
• 6 members of the Assembly or the Parliament, elected by the Telangana representatives in the Assembly
• 5 members from outside the Assembly to be elected by the Telangana members of the Assembly
• All ministers from Telangana region will be members
• The Chief Minister or the Deputy Chief Minister, whoever is from Telangana, will be the Chairman of the Council
• Other Cabinet Ministers may also be invited to the meetings of the Regional Council

Point 11: Powers of Regional Council

The Regional Council will be a statutory body empowered to deal with and decide about matters mentioned above, and those relating to:

• Planning and development
• Irrigation and other projects
• Industrial development within the general planning
• Problems related to Telangana employees insofar as they relate to Telangana area

If there is difference of opinion between the views of the Regional Council and the Government of the state, an appeal may be made to the Government of India for final decision. Unless in between if any amendment is made to agreement by acceptance, this agreement is reviewed only after 10 years.

Point 12: Cabinet Representation

The Cabinet will consist of members proportionately 60:40 per cent for Andhra and Telangana respectively. Out of the 40 per cent Telangana Ministers, one will be a Muslim from Telangana.

Point 13: Leadership and Key Portfolios

If the Chief Minister is from Andhra, the Deputy Chief Minister will be from Telangana and vice versa.

Two out of the following portfolios will be assigned to Ministers from Telangana:

• Home
• Finance
• Revenue
• Planning & Development
• Commerce and Industry

Point 14: Separate PCC for Telangana

The H.P.C.C. President desires that the P.C.C. should be separate for Telangana up to the end of 1962. For this A.P.P.C.C. President has no objection.

UNRESOLVED POINTS (NO UNANIMITY)

Issue	Telangana Position	Andhra Position
Name of New State	Wanted "Andhra Telangana" (as proposed in draft bill)	Wanted "Andhra Pradesh" (as indicated by Joint Selection Committee)
High Court	Wanted a bench at Guntur with principal seat at Hyderabad	Wanted no bench at Guntur; entire High Court located only at Hyderabad

---

FROM GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT TO NOTE ON SAFEGUARDS

Date	Event
February 20, 1956	Gentlemen's Agreement signed
August 10, 1956	"A note on the safeguards proposed for Telangana area" laid before Parliament (Lok Sabha)
August 10, 1956	Note introduced as answer to question of Raj Bahadur Gaur
Changes	About 10 to 12 changes made to Gentlemen's Agreement in preparing the Note on Safeguards
August 31, 1956	Andhra Pradesh Bill approved by President of India
November 1, 1956	Ceremony at Hyderabad; Andhra Pradesh formally inaugurated by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru

TELANGANA REGIONAL COMMITTEE

Introduction

In the wake of the merging of Hyderabad and Andhra State, the formation of the Telangana Regional Committee was one of the most important protections provided to the Telangana region. It was called "Telangana People's Voice." The political, financial, educational, and employment-related matters constituted in the Gentlemen's Agreement (1956) formed the basis for ensuring protection of Telangana's interests, especially financial and educational aspects.

CONCEPT OF REGIONAL SAFEGUARDS: HISTORICAL CONTEXT

International Parallel: Scottish Standing Committee

Aspect	Scotland-UK	Telangana-India
Union	Scotland joined England in 1707; Northern Ireland joined in 1921	Telangana merged with Andhra in 1956
Safeguard	Scottish Standing Committee enacted by British Parliament	Telangana Regional Committee under Gentlemen's Agreement
Outcome	Scotland satisfied; 2014 referendum showed 55.33% favored staying in UK	Telangana movement intensified when safeguards were violated

Indian Parallel: Rayalaseema Development Board

Aspect	Details
Region	Rayalaseema (facing famines and disasters in Madras Province)
Safeguard Created	Separate "Development Board" formed in 1949
Original Name	"Seeded District Economic Development"
Later Name	"Rayalaseema Development Board"
Chairperson	Minister administering development works
Abolished	October 1, 1953 (when Andhra State was formed)

Inspiration from West Bengal-Bihar Proposal

During the SRC consultations, the then Chief Minister of West Bengal B.C. Roy and Bihar Chief Minister S.K. Sinha proposed merging their states as a "West Bengal-Bihar Joint State" along with formation of regional committees for development and equality. Though their desire was not fulfilled, their proposal of the Regional Committee inspired the formation of Telangana Regional Committee.

BACKGROUND: TELANGANA'S POSITION DURING SRC (1954-1955)

SRC Visit to Hyderabad (June-July 1954)

Position	Advocates
Separate Hyderabad State	Most leaders and people preferred this
Opposed Vishalandhra	K.V. Ranga Reddy, Marri Chenna Reddy
Initially Opposed, Later Supported	Burgula Ramakrishna Rao

Key Developments

Date	Event
1952	Mulki Movement violence; authoritarian ideology of Andhra region for Vishalandhra
September 30, 1955	SRC recommended separate Telangana State with 10 districts (including Bidar)
After SRC Report	Andhra leaders pressured Central Government and Telangana leaders for merger
February 1956	Telangana Congress leaders met Home Minister Govind Ballabh Pant; he proposed Regional Committee

SRC's Telangana Recommendation

The Commission analyzed profits and losses of both options and, despite strong proposals from Andhra leaders for Vishalandhra, preferred separate Telangana. It recommended that after the 1962 Assembly elections, Vishalandhra could be formed if 2/3rd of Telangana Assembly members accepted.

FORMATION OF TELANGANA REGIONAL COMMITTEE

Gentlemen's Agreement (February 20, 1956)

Aspect	Details
Point 9	Proposed formation of Telangana Regional Council
Signed	July 19, 1956
Parliamentary Bill	"Note on Safeguards" introduced for statutory provision
President's Assent	August 31, 1956 (President Babu Rajendra Prasad)

Key Change in Nomenclature

Document	Name Used
Gentlemen's Agreement	"Telangana Region Council"
Andhra Pradesh State Act	"Telangana Regional Committee"

Constitutional Basis

• 7th Constitutional Amendment Act (1956) : Abolished A, B, C, D parts of regions; empowered President to form Development Boards and Regional Committees
• Regional Committees formed in Andhra Pradesh and Punjab under this amendment
• Punjab had two Regional Committees (1957-1966), abolished when Punjab was divided

Presidential Order

• Telangana Regional Committee formed in 1958 through Presidential Order
• First Chief Minister Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy did not form the executive body
• Executive Council finally formed in 1960 under Chief Minister Damodaram Sanjeevaiah (due to pressure from Telangana leaders)

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION

Total Members: 20

Category	Number	Election Method
District Representatives	9	One from each of 9 districts, elected by Telangana MLAs (district-wise)
MLAs/MPs	6	Telangana MLAs or MPs, elected by Telangana MLAs
Non-MLA Members	5	From outside Assembly, elected by Telangana MLAs
Ex-Officio Members	-	All ministers belonging to Telangana

Chairman and Deputy Chairman

Aspect	Details
Election	Elected by Telangana MLAs (105 members) through Open Ballot System
Notification	Governor issues notification for election
Term	Lose membership if they lose MLA seat
Removal	Can be removed by special majority (never used)

First Chairman Election (1960)

Candidate	Party	Votes
K. Achyutha Reddy	Congress	63
Raavi Narayana Reddy	CPI	22

• Masuma Begum unanimously elected as first Deputy Chairman

Chairpersons of Telangana Regional Committee

Period	Chairperson
1960-64	K. Achyutha Reddy
1964-67	T. Hayagriva Chary
1967-72	J. Chokka Rao
1972-73	K. Raja Mallu

Deputy Chairpersons

Period	Deputy Chairperson
1960-64	Masuma Begum
1964-67	T. Ranga Reddy
1967-72	K. Raja Mallu
1972-73	Sayyed Rahmat Ali

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS

Areas Under Committee's Purview

Area	Specific Responsibilities
Land	Permission necessary for sale of agricultural lands in Telangana
Planning	Observe powers of General plan, Development Institutions, District Board
Education	Primary and Secondary Education development; regulate admissions; prepare action plans
Prohibition	Regulate and observe prohibition in Telangana
Industries	Cottage and small scale industries
Agriculture	Agriculture, Co-operative Societies, Markets, Fairs
Employment	Supervise job recruitment process in Telangana region
Legislation	Drafting of Regional Bills (non-financial) must get Committee approval before introduction in Assembly
Governor's Role	Decides whether a bill is regional or not

Bills NOT Under Committee's Purview

• Bills extending Andhra region through a provision (need not be reported to Committee)
• All Money Bills

WORKING PROCESS: SUB-COMMITTEES

1. Standing Sub-Committees (3)

Sub-Committee	Focus Area
Standing Sub-Committee on Local Administration	Public health
Standing Sub-Committee on Education	Educational matters
Standing Sub-Committee on Development Plans	Planning and development

2. Ad Hoc Sub-Committees

Aspect	Details
Purpose	Formed on special issues
Duration	Abolished after completion of work
Number	No fixed number
Membership	9 members (elected from Regional Committee members)
Chairman	Appointed by Regional Committee Chairman from among sub-committee members
Quorum	4 members
Powers	Can summon government officers
Outcome	Proposals unanimously accepted by Regional Committee

ACHIEVEMENTS OF TELANGANA REGIONAL COMMITTEE

1. Education Sector

Achievement	Details
Admissions	Framed rules and regulations for admissions into Telangana schools
Implementation	Government instructed educational institutions to implement Committee's rules
Osmania University	Approved ₹3 crores reserve funds to Osmania University (invested in Development Bonds in Electricity Board for 10 years)
Benefit	Interest used for Osmania University Development Schemes; university greatly benefited

2. Public Health and Sanitation

Achievement	Details
Management	Played important role in management of Public Health and Sanitation
Guidelines	Provided guidelines to Government for all districts of Telangana
Grants	Provided grants for "Prakruthi Chikitsa Hospital" (Nature Cure Hospital) at Ameerpet, Hyderabad
Report	Submitted report for protection of sanitation and public health

3. Local Governance Recommendations

Recommendation	Details
Election Commission	Form national-level Election Commission at state level for local bodies (Municipalities, Gram Panchayats)
Constituency Reorganization	Form independent commission for reorganization of local bodies constituencies

4. Telangana Regional Committee Schemes (1961-63)

The Committee framed and implemented many schemes using Telangana's surplus funds. These were called "Telangana Regional Committee Schemes."

NEGLIGENCE AND DECLINE

Initial Negligence (1958-1960)

Period	Issue
1958-1960	Though statutory provision in 1958, Sanjeeva Reddy did not form Executive Council
1960	Formed only due to pressure from Telangana leaders

Attempts to Dominate

Incident	Details
K. Achyutha Reddy's Press Meet	Highlighted injustice to Telangana; Chief Minister responded negatively
T. Hayagriva Chary's Tenure	Andhra leaders did not respond at all

Teacher Recruitment Issue (1964)

Issue	Details
Problem	Acute shortage of teachers in secondary schools in Telangana
Recommendation	Recruit teachers from Telangana's surplus funds
Government Response	Finance and Planning Department falsely reported no surplus funds (deficit claimed)

Contradiction: Governor's Speech (1961-66)

Statement	Details
Governor's Speech in Assembly	Stated there were ₹30.54 crores surplus funds in Telangana region
Implication	Andhra leadership ignored reporting of Telangana benefits; Regional Committee kept in dark

Dispute over Surplus Funds

Position	Argument
Regional Committee	Surplus funds = profits at Revenue account of Telangana region
Government	Investment amount must be deducted from revenue profits to estimate surplus
Outcome	Differences continued; Committee made plans despite disputes

Government Employees Services Issue

Point	Details
Gentlemen's Agreement	Points 4, 6, 7 related to government services
Presidential Order	No provisions for government employee services
Government Argument	Services-related matters not in Committee's purview
Result	Differences between Government and Chairman

REVIEW AND DISSOLUTION

Review Provisions

Document	Review Period
Gentlemen's Agreement	Review after 10 years
Note on Safeguards	Review after 10 years

Later Developments

Year	Event
1969	Telangana agitation reached peak stage
April 11, 1969	Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced "8-Point Formula" to solve Telangana problems
Point 5 of 8-Point Formula	Powers of Telangana Regional Committee increased
1972	Supreme Court upheld Mulki Rules as constitutional
1972-73	Jai Andhra movement started in Andhra region
September 21, 1973	Six-Point Formula declared
1973	Mulki Rules and Telangana Regional Committee abolished

ASSESSMENT OF TELANGANA REGIONAL COMMITTEE

Aspect	Assessment
Purpose	Act as safeguard for Telangana region
Achievements	Significant in education, health, local governance; framed many schemes
Limitations	Due to arrogance of Andhra leaders, expectations not fully reached
Legacy	Gave inspirational instructions within its purview
Impact	Misleading stand on safeguards led to 1969 agitation
Historical Significance	Proved that institutional safeguards without political will are ineffective

VIOLATION 1: REGIONAL COUNCIL VS REGIONAL COMMITTEE

Original Agreement vs. Actual Implementation

Aspect	Gentlemen's Agreement	Actual Implementation
Name	Telangana Regional Council	Telangana Regional Committee
Nature	Vast-powered; like a mini government	Weak legislative committee
Power to Prepare Plans	Could prepare plan for Telangana on lines of AP State plan	Could only make non-financial recommendations
Supervisory Powers	Supervise entire Gentlemen's Agreement	No power to implement supervisory powers of Mulki rules
Education	Full oversight	No power to supervise higher education
Status	Platform for political expression	Remained only as advisory body

Consequence

"By forming a weak Telangana Committee in place of a strong Telangana Council was the first violation of Telangana rights."

VIOLATION 2: CABINET REPRESENTATION AND PORTFOLIOS

Deputy Chief Minister Issue

Agreement	Actual
If CM from Andhra, Deputy CM from Telangana	Sanjeeva Reddy refused to appoint Deputy CM, calling it a "sixth finger"

Portfolio Allocation

Issue	Details
Important Portfolios	Not given to Telangana Ministers
Department Division	Departments divided; important portions kept with Chief Minister
Home Department	Given to Telangana without Law and Order Power (Chief Minister retained Law and Order)
Industries	Divided as big, medium, small industries; one part given to Telangana
Irrigation	Similar divisions

Conclusion

"The Andhra leaders who signed the Gentlemen's Agreement violated their own promises. Injustice was done by manipulation."

VIOLATION 3: ABOLITION OF SEPARATE TELANGANA CONGRESS COMMITTEE

Agreement	Actual
Separate Telangana Congress Committee to continue till 1962	Abolished in 1957 and merged with Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee

Consequences

Consequence	Details
Political Leadership	Telangana lost opportunity to develop independent political leadership
National Representation	Lost representation at national level
Decision-Making Power	Lost power to decide on regional problems
Ticket Allocation	Lost power to allot tickets to Telangana candidates
Andhra Supremacy	Increased after single APCC was formed

Panchayati Raj Impact

Development	Consequence
Panchayati Raj Introduction	Sustenance of leaders and local governments went into Andhra leaders' hands
Tradition of Decision-Making	Panchayati Samithi Presidents and Zilla Parishad Chairmen decided from Hyderabad
Andhra Dominance	Further increased
Submissive Leaders Encouraged	Andhra leaders encouraged Telangana leaders who were submissive to them

Final Outcome

"With these developments Telangana lost its political identity. Except the leaders who emerged before independence, other Telangana leaders were not allowed to develop."

VIOLATION 4: IRRIGATION SECTOR

General Violation

Principle	Reality
Projects with permissions and under construction to be completed in time	Did not happen with Telangana projects

Water Allocation Disparity

River	Allotted to AP	Telangana's Actual Receipt
Krishna	811 TMCs	Less than 91 TMCs
Godavari	14850 TMCs	197 TMCs (out of allotted 1050)

Equity Analysis

Basis	Telangana's Entitlement	Reality
River Flowing Area	Should get 1500 TMCs	Getting only 197 TMCs
Backwardness	Projects should have priority	Projects neglected

Irrigated Area Comparison (Post-Third Five Year Plan)

Region	% of Land with Irrigation
Telangana	16.6%
Andhra	48.3%

• Telangana's Dependency: 80% land cultivated under wells and tanks

Plan Expenditure on Irrigation (Second & Third Five Year Plans: 1956-67)

Region	Expenditure
Andhra	₹93.67 crores
Telangana	₹56.76 crores

POCHAMPADU (SRIRAM SAGAR) PROJECT

Original Nizam's Plan

Aspect	Details
Storage Capacity	260 TMCs
Irrigation Target	20 lakh acres
Components	Reservoirs at Kadem, Lower Manair Dam, main project near Kistapuram village

AP Government's Reduction

Aspect	Reduced Plan
Storage Capacity	66 TMCs
Irrigation Area	5.7 lakh acres

Further Neglect

Event	Details
Foundation Stone	July 26, 1963 (Prime Minister laid foundation; cost estimated at ₹40 crores)
Funds Allotted (up to 1968)	Only ₹9.77 crores
Delay Consequence	Had it been included in Second Five Year Plan, project would have been completed early

NAGARJUNA SAGAR PROJECT

Original Plan (Pre-Independence)

Aspect	Details
Surveys	Conducted jointly by Nizam and Madras state
Location	Nandikonda on river Krishna
Construction Start	1955 (as per Khosla Committee recommendations)

Original Irrigation Targets

Canal	Target Area
Right Canal	18.58 lakh acres (Guntur, Nellore)
Left Canal	10 lakh acres (Nalgonda, Khammam) + 2.93 lakh acres (Krishna, West Godavari)

AP Government's Changes

Change	Details
Left Canal Area	Reduced to 5.2 lakh acres
Andhra Area Increase	3.11 lakh acres added in Andhra region
Technical Issue	Water release through sluices reduced water level; left canal failed to supply assured water

Expenditure Disparity (up to 1968)

Canal	Expenditure	Irrigation Achieved
Right Canal (Andhra)	₹37.80 crores	5.6 lakh acres
Left Canal (Telangana)	₹26.58 crores	0.9 lakh acres

AGRICULTURE SECTOR DISPARITY

Government Expenditure on Agriculture (1950-1968)

Region	Expenditure	Ratio
Andhra	₹35.43 crores	2.2
Telangana	₹15.66 crores	1

Equity Analysis

Basis	Telangana's Entitlement	Actual Received
Irrigated Land Proportion	Should get 41.9% resources	Got only 15.66 crores (should have got 21.36 crores)
Land Calculation	Telangana: 1.13 crore acres; Andhra: 1.58 crore acres	Ratio should be 5:4

VIOLATION 5: EMPLOYMENT AND MULKI RULES

Legal Framework for Mulki Rules

Provision	Details
Article 16(3)	Parliament has power to make law to decide residential conditions of employment
Article 35(A)	Only Parliament has power to make such laws, not state legislatures
1957 Act	Parliament approved Employment (Residential Eligibility) Law; came into force December 7, 1957
Section 3(A) and (C)	Power to Central Government to impose conditions for Telangana, Manipur, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh
1959 Conditions	Centre issued conditions for AP government employment (residential eligibility)

Residential Eligibility Conditions (1959)

Condition	Details
Residence Period	15 years permanent residence for local government jobs
Secretariat/Head Departments	For 2 out of 3 jobs, residence eligibility shall be followed
All Recruitments	Local reservations applicable to direct, transfer, or promotion
Temporary Recruitments	Only Mulkis eligible
Exemptions	May be given with written reasons
Transparency	List of exemption recruitments published in gazette every 4 months; copy to Central Government

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (PWD) VIOLATIONS

The Seniority Issue

Event	Details
Provisional List	Prepared April 1963
Final List Released	April 1964 (after court verdict)
Violation Found	Between numbers 194 to 574, illegal promotions given to Assistant Engineers (Andhra employees)
Correct Action	Illegal promotions should have been abolished; promotions should have gone to Telangana employees

Central Government Intervention

Date	Action
December 24, 1965	Central Government Advisory Committee refused those promotions
AP Government Response	Did not follow Central advice, citing pending court case
Central Government's Shift	Initially firm, later accepted AP Government request

Court Verdict

Aspect	Details
Court Decision	Accepted Telangana employees' plea and Central Committee's advice
Implementation	Verdict not implemented

Impact if Implemented

Category	Number of Andhra Employees to be Reverted
Chief Engineers	5
Superintendent Engineers	18
Executive Engineers	13
Assistant Engineers	265

"To protect all those Andhra employees, the A.P. government did not care even about the court verdict."

EDUCATION DEPARTMENT VIOLATIONS

Issue	Details
Appointment Practice	Non-trained candidates appointed first; opportunity to get trained later
Salary Disparity	Telangana employees paid ₹85-175 scale instead of ₹154-275
Official Response	Officials insulted them and advised approaching "Hyderabad government"
Service Insecurity	Even after 12 years of Hyderabad state's existence, services not regularized; lived under threat of termination
Promotions Denied	Refused to teachers appointed during Nizam period

VIOLATION 6: SURPLUS FUNDS

The Ambiguity in Gentlemen's Agreement Point 1

Ambiguity	Issue
1	Did not define "central and general administration"
2	Did not mention the ratio for proportionate expenditure

AP Finance Department Guidelines (1957)

Category	Allocation Rule
Governor's Office, Secretariat, Assembly, PSC, Head of Departments, etc.	2:1 ratio from Andhra and Telangana incomes
Pension Expenditure (up to Oct 31, 1956)	From respective region's income
Pension Expenditure (after AP formation)	2:1 ratio
Loan Interest (up to Oct 31, 1956)	From respective region's income
Loan Interest (combined state)	Based on investment made in that region

Agreed Principles (Government and Regional Committee)

Principle	Details
1	Income and expenditure of region allotted to that region only
2	Combined expenditures and Hyderabad expenditures on 2:1 ratio
3	Central grants and funds distributed on 2:1 ratio
4	Central grants to schemes/projects belong to region of implementation

The Problem

"The above principles were agreed upon but did not come into force."

Definition of Surplus Funds

Almost all years, Telangana's income was higher than its expenditure. The funds Telangana was legally entitled to but did not receive were called surplus funds.

ALL-PARTY MEETING ON SURPLUS FUNDS (January 19, 1969)

Background Discussions

Date	Event
February 8, 1968	CM Kasu Brahma Reddy met Regional Committee Chairman J. Chokka Rao, Vice Chairman Kodati Rajamallu, and member A. Vasudeva Rao to discuss methods to identify surplus funds
June 17, 1968	Finance Secretary wrote to Regional Committee mentioning agreed principles

Agreements from All-Party Meeting

Agreement	Details
1	Existing agreements on fund allotments to continue
2	Investment account surplus to be clubbed with revenue surplus
3	Telangana entitled to 1/3 under investment account; amount spent less than 1/3 becomes investment surplus
4	Revenue surplus + Investment surplus = Telangana surplus
5	Profit/expenditure of state-level corporations treated as state government's
6	Electricity production and high voltage line expenditure shared 2:1
7	Industrial Trust funds (established by Nizam) to be spent for Telangana
8	Accountant General level officer to calculate surplus; start by January 24, 1969; report by March 1969

FAZAL ALI'S PROPHETIC WARNING

Warning	Details
Central Supervision Needed	Safeguards would not be implemented without Central Government supervision
Insufficient Models	Arrangements like Sribagh Agreement or Scottish devolution failed to give protections
Essential Condition	Unless Centre directly interferes and supervises, protections have no value

"History proved Fazal Ali's analysis of the Andhra Pradesh government; the Andhra elite did not show any interest in the implementation of the protections given to Telangana."

CONCLUSION: THE PATH TO 1969

Factor	Consequence
Violation of Safeguards	Systematic violations across all areas: political, financial, irrigation, employment
Failure of Regional Committee	Weak committee without real powers
Surplus Funds Denied	Telangana's own money not spent on its development
Irrigation Disparity	Projects neglected; water denied
Employment Discrimination	Mulki rules violated; promotions denied
Political Marginalization	Separate Congress Committee abolished; leadership suppressed

Final Outcome

"With failure to protect the safeguards provided to Telangana, the survival of Andhra Pradesh state itself became a question mark. The main reason for the 1969 movement was the violations of the protections given to Telangana."

NON-IMPLEMENTATION OF MULKI RULES

Introduction

Despite the promises made in the Gentlemen's Agreement and the Mulki Rules, there were widespread reports of violations in employment and service rules. Government jobs and educational seats intended for Telangana locals were increasingly occupied by people from the Andhra region, leading to widespread resentment and protests.

Non-Implementation of Mulki Rules

Issue	Details
Recruitment Processes	Often ignored domicile criteria
Jobs Filled by Non-Locals	Significant number of positions went to people from Andhra region
Key Administrative Positions	Often held by individuals from Andhra, leading to feelings of neglect and discrimination among locals

SPECIFIC VIOLATIONS

Employment Data Disparity

The systematic violation of Mulki Rules was evident in employment statistics. According to records from the period:

Category	Issue
Gazetted Officers	Disproportionate representation from Andhra region
Non-Gazetted Posts	Similar patterns of discrimination
Promotions	Andhra employees favored over Telangana counterparts

Examples of Discrimination

• Recruitment notices often published in a manner that favored candidates from Andhra
• Interview panels dominated by Andhra officials who favored candidates from their region
• Language bias – Telangana candidates sometimes discriminated against for not speaking "standard" Telugu
• Transfer policies used to marginalize Telangana employees

KOTHAGUDEM PROTESTS

Background

Aspect	Details
Location	Kothagudem, a town in Telangana region
Significance	Became a major center for protests against employment violations
Focal Point	Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) – a major public sector enterprise

Significance of Singareni Collieries

Factor	Details
Economic Importance	Major source of employment and revenue in Telangana
Employment Hub	Thousands of local workers depended on SCCL for livelihoods
Violation Issue	Jobs in SCCL increasingly went to non-locals despite Mulki Rules
Symbolic Value	Became symbol of Andhra exploitation of Telangana resources

Major Incidents

Protests and Strikes

Form of Protest	Details
Strikes	Workers organized strikes demanding implementation of Mulki Rules
Demonstrations	Local activists organized public demonstrations
Participation	Significant participation from local populace, including students and intellectuals

Violence and Police Action

Incident	Details
Clashes	Some protests turned violent, leading to clashes between protesters and police
Police Action	Use of force by police to disperse crowds
Outcome	Police action further fueled anger and resolve of protesters

Other Affected Areas

Similar protests erupted across Telangana:

Area	Nature of Protests
Warangal	Rallies, strikes, and sit-ins
Karimnagar	Demonstrations demanding Mulki Rule implementation
Hyderabad	Student protests, intellectual support
Nalgonda	Rural protests against employment discrimination
Khammam	Worker-led agitations

Common Demands

• Proper implementation of Mulki Rules
• Fair employment practices
• Reservation of jobs for local candidates
• Investigation into recruitment violations

GOVERNMENT RESPONSE

Initial Government Response

Measure	Details
Assurances	Various assurances given to placate protesters
Orders Issued	Government orders reaffirming commitment to Mulki Rules

Government Order 36 (GO 36)

Aspect	Details
Purpose	Reaffirmed implementation of Mulki Rules
Provisions	Reserved jobs for locals; established mechanisms for enforcement
Perceived Effectiveness	Implementation often seen as inadequate
Outcome	Continued dissatisfaction among Telangana populace

Continued Discontent

Factor	Details
Implementation Gap	Gap between policy and actual practice
Government Commitment	Perceived lack of genuine commitment to enforce rules
Result	Agitation kept alive despite official measures

LONG-TERM IMPACT AND RESOLUTION

Resurgence of Telangana Movement

Period	Development
1969	First major Telangana agitation
1970s-1980s	Relative lull but grievances persisted
1990s	Movement gained significant momentum
2000s	Widespread support for separate state demand

Key Factors in Resurgence

Factor	Details
Employment Violations	Continued discrimination in jobs and education
Resource Exploitation	Perception that Telangana's resources (water, coal, revenue) were exploited
Political Marginalization	Lack of adequate political representation
Cultural Identity	Distinct Telangana culture and dialect felt threatened

Fast unto Death by Ravindranath (1969)

Introduction

The "Fast unto Death" by Ravindranath is a pivotal episode in the Telangana movement, representing the intense desire and determination for a separate Telangana state. His sacrifice became a symbol of the struggle and inspired countless others to join the movement.

Aspect	Details
Activist	Ravindranath
Date	April 1969
Action	Fast unto death
Demand	Creation of separate Telangana state
Significance	Pivotal episode intensifying Telangana agitation

Initiation of the Fast

Background

Factor	Details
Context	Widespread violations of Mulki Rules and safeguards; growing discontent in Telangana
Timing	April 1969 – during peak of Telangana agitation
Motivation	Belief that separate state was the only solution to Telangana's problems

Ravindranath's Motivation

Issue Area	Specific Grievances
Employment	Violation of Mulki Rules; jobs going to non-locals
Resource Allocation	Surplus funds not spent on Telangana; irrigation neglect
Political Representation	Marginalization of Telangana leaders
Cultural Identity	Fear of erosion of distinct Telangana identity

Key Developments During the Fast

Public Response

Group	Response
Students	Organized protests, rallies, and demonstrations
Intellectuals	Extended support through writings and public statements
Political Groups	Rallied around Ravindranath; used his fast to mobilize support
General Public	Widespread sympathy and support across Telangana

Government Response

Phase	Response
Initial	Hesitant; did not immediately respond
As Support Grew	Took notice of growing agitation
Efforts Made	Attempted to persuade Ravindranath to end fast
Assurances	Promised to address concerns of Telangana people

Impact and Aftermath

Immediate Impact

Impact	Description
Intensification of Agitation	Fast significantly intensified Telangana movement
National Attention	Brought national focus to Telangana issue
Pressure on Government	Forced government to consider demands more seriously
Mobilization	United various sections of Telangana society

Ravindranath's Health and End of Fast

Stage	Details
Health Deterioration	As fast continued, health worsened
Public Concern	Growing concern among supporters and general public
Pressure to End Fast	From various quarters to save his life
Government Assurances	Promises to address Telangana grievances
Fast Ended	Ravindranath ended fast under immense pressure and with assurances

Long-term Impact

Impact	Description
Symbol of Struggle	Became enduring symbol of Telangana statehood struggle
Inspiration	Inspired future leaders and movements
Depth of Discontent	Highlighted the lengths activists were willing to go
Movement Legacy	His sacrifice remembered in Telangana's collective memory

Introduction

The Telangana Movement of 1969 was a reaction to the dominance of Andhra leaders and economic exploitation in Telangana following the formation of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. The people of Telangana had not initially supported linguistic-based states, but due to political developments and pressure from Andhra leaders, Vishalandhra was formed, merging Telangana with Andhra. However, post-merger, discrimination, economic disparities, and violations of agreements fueled discontent, leading to a strong demand for a separate Telangana state.

Factors and Causes

1. Failure of Gentlemen's Agreement

Promise	Reality
Job security for Telangana locals	Jobs increasingly went to Andhra candidates
Educational opportunities for Telangana students	Educational seats occupied by Andhra students
Separate Regional Committee with powers	Weak committee without real authority
Financial safeguards	Surplus funds not spent on Telangana

"The provisions were systematically ignored or suppressed by leaders from Seemandhra, leading to economic exploitation and growing resentment among Telangana people."

2. Committees on Telangana Surplus Funds

Kumar Lalit Committee (January 1969)

Aspect	Details
Appointed By	Brahmananda Reddy Government
Purpose	Investigate surplus funds issue
Period Reviewed	1956-1968
Findings	Revenue surplus: ₹102 crores
Net Surplus	₹63.92 crores
Actual Spent on Telangana	Only ₹34.10 crores

Bhargava Committee (April 22, 1969)

Aspect	Details
Finding	₹28.34 crores of Telangana's revenue not spent on the region
Recommendation	Additional measures to ensure justice for Telangana's financial rights

Wanchoo Committee (1969)

Aspect	Details
Purpose	Examine implementation of Mulki rules
Recommendation	Constitutional amendments suggested
Conclusion	No power could enforce separate rules for different regions; Mulki regulations not being implemented properly
Impact	Further fueled discontent

3. Dissatisfaction Among Telangana Employees

Factor	Details
Indo-Pak War Impact	Budgetary constraints led to job cuts, disproportionately affecting Telangana employees
Unemployment	Engineers and youth faced high unemployment
New Recruitments	Favored candidates from Andhra region, violating Mulki rules
Teacher Appointments (by 1967)	Over 4,000 Andhra teachers appointed in Telangana schools, despite qualified local candidates being available

4. Large-Scale Migration of Andhra People

Area Affected	Details
Nizamabad, Warangal, Khammam, Adilabad	Andhra migrants acquired vast tracts of agricultural land
Godavari Basin	60-80% of fertile lands taken over by Andhra landlords
Irrigation Projects	Lands under Nagarjuna Sagar, Nizam Sagar, and Alampur acquired by Andhra settlers
Colonies Established	Andhra migrants set up colonies with Andhra names: Gunturpalle, Bandarpalle, Andhra Colony, Ashok Nagar, Shanti Nagar

"The perception that Telangana was being colonized reinforced the demand for a separate state."

5. Discrimination Against Telangana Ministers

Incident	Details
Portfolio Allocation	Important portfolios (Home, Finance, Revenue) given to Andhra leaders; Telangana ministers assigned less significant roles
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao's Funeral	Former Hyderabad State Chief Minister denied state honors
Prakasam Pantulu's Funeral	Former Andhra Chief Minister received full state honors
Impact	Blatant discrimination deepened anger among Telangana political leaders and public

6. Discrimination in Employment at Thermal Power Station

Aspect	Details
Location	Khammam district
Resources Used	Telangana's coal and Godavari water
Employment	Most staff recruited from Andhra
Hunger Strike	Launched on July 10, 1969
Leaders	Sri Ramdas (Illendu) and Ravindranath (student from Palvancha)
Organization Formed	Telangana Rakshana Samithi (by students and unemployed youth)
Slogans	"Non-Mulki Go Back", "Idli Sambar Go Back"

Key Political Leaders of the 1969 Telangana Movement

Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy

Aspect	Details
Role	Most prominent leader of the movement
Contribution	Played decisive role in formation of Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS); organized protests; mobilized public support
Impact	Unified various factions; strengthened movement's demands

Konda Laxman Bapuji

Aspect	Details
Role	Veteran Telangana activist
Contribution	First to resign from ministerial position in protest against injustice
Significance	Brought national attention to movement
Title	'Father of Telangana'
Impact	His commitment inspired many activists

Makhdoom Mohiuddin

Aspect	Details
Background	Renowned poet and Communist Party of India (CPI) leader
Contribution	Used literary and political influence to articulate socio-economic injustices
Impact	Poetry and speeches mobilized masses and intellectuals; gave cultural dimension to movement

Acharya Konda Lakshman Bapuji

Aspect	Details
Role	Close associate of Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy
Contribution	Resigned from cabinet position to protest marginalization
Impact	Strengthened moral and political legitimacy of movement

Student Leaders and Their Role

M. V. Ranga Reddy

Aspect	Details
Role	Most influential student leader
Contribution	Organized protests, rallies, demonstrations, particularly at Osmania University
Impact	Channeled student activism into coordinated mass movement

Mallikarjun

Aspect	Details
Role	Student leader
Contribution	Coordinated protests, strikes, and sit-ins
Impact	Maintained momentum of student activism; amplified voices of Telangana youth

Civil Society and Intellectuals

B. J. Ranga Reddy

Aspect	Details
Role	Influential intellectual and social activist
Contribution	Shaped public discourse through writings, public discussions, advocacy

P. V. Narasimha Rao

Aspect	Details
Role	Later Prime Minister of India
Contribution	Played mediatory role during 1969 movement
Significance	Deep understanding of Telangana's historical and economic issues; acted as bridge between movement and central government

Women Activists and Their Contribution

Mandalapu Ramadevi

Aspect	Details
Role	Prominent women's rights activist
Contribution	Instrumental in mobilizing women's participation in the movement
Impact	Ensured voices of Telangana's women were heard; strengthened mass movement

Key Events and Their Leaders

Formation of Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS)

Aspect	Details
Leaders Involved	Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy, Konda Laxman Bapuji
Significance	Became main political platform for Telangana agitation; organized protests, rallies, negotiations; made separate state demand a formal political agenda

Student Protests

Aspect	Details
Leaders Involved	M. V. Ranga Reddy, Mallikarjun
Significance	Students played crucial role in intensifying movement; Osmania University and other institutions became epicenters of protests

Mass Rallies and Strikes

Aspect	Details
Leaders Involved	Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy, Konda Laxman Bapuji, student leaders
Significance	Widespread strikes and rallies demonstrated deep-rooted support; created political pressure on AP government and central leadership

Resignation of MLAs

Aspect	Details
Leaders Involved	Konda Laxman Bapuji and other Telangana legislators
Significance	Several Telangana MLAs resigned in protest; showed intensity of regional discontent; proved movement had significant political backing

Meeting and Participants

Aspect	Details
Convened By	Central Government
Purpose	Address grievances and find solution to escalating agitation
Participants	Representatives from major political parties in Andhra Pradesh

Political Parties Represented

Party
Congress Party
Praja Socialist Party (PSP)
Swatantra Party
Other parties (not specified)

Objectives

Objective	Details
1	Discuss issues raised by Telangana movement
2	Seek consensus on how to address grievances
3	Find way to implement safeguards promised to Telangana during formation of Andhra Pradesh

Key Provisions of the Accord

1. Implementation of Gentlemen's Agreement

Provision	Details
Reaffirmation	Commitments made in Gentlemen's Agreement reaffirmed
Job Protection	Protection of job opportunities for locals in Telangana
Resource Allocation	Fair allocation of resources to Telangana

2. Development Measures

Provision	Details
Development Projects	Commitment to expedite development projects in Telangana
Irrigation Infrastructure	Focus on irrigation projects
Educational Infrastructure	Focus on educational facilities
Fund Distribution	Equitable distribution of funds for developmental activities

3. Employment and Education

Provision	Details
Local Representation	Guaranteeing local representation in government jobs
Educational Institutions	Local representation in educational institutions
Mulki Rules	Adherence to Mulki Rules (local domicile rules)

4. Administrative Reforms

Provision	Details
Local Officials	Ensure administrative positions in Telangana filled by locals
Address Dominance	Address concerns of dominance by individuals from Andhra region

Outcomes and Aftermath

Short-term Impact

Impact	Details
Temporary Calm	Accord managed to temporarily calm the agitation
Immediate Concerns Addressed	Some immediate concerns were addressed
Implementation Efforts	Government made efforts to implement promises
Inadequacy	Measures often seen as inadequate or delayed

Long-term Impact

Impact	Details
Underlying Issues Unresolved	Accord did not fully resolve underlying issues
Periodic Revivals	Led to periodic revivals of Telangana movement
Renewed Movement (1990s-2000s)	Dissatisfaction culminated in renewed, more vigorous movement
Final Outcome	Formation of separate state of Telangana in 2014

Major Players

Political Leaders

Leader	Role
Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy	Prominent political leader who initially supported Telangana cause; played crucial role in negotiating with government
K.V. Ranga Reddy	Influential leader advocating for Telangana's rights and interests

Students and Intellectuals

Group	Role
Students	Significant participation; organized protests
Intellectuals	Articulated region's demands; provided ideological direction

Assessment of the Accord

Aspect	Assessment
Immediate Impact	Successfully calmed agitation temporarily
Implementation	Measures inadequate and delayed
Resolution of Grievances	Did not fully resolve underlying issues
Historical Significance	Important attempt at political solution
Legacy	Demonstrated that dialogue alone could not address deep-seated grievances

GO 36 (Government Order 36) – 1969

Introduction

GO 36 (Government Order 36) is a significant directive issued during the Telangana movement, which has historical importance due to its implications on employment and local rights in the Telangana region. Issued in January 1969 by the Andhra Pradesh government in response to the intensifying Telangana agitation, the order aimed to address some of the grievances regarding employment opportunities for locals in the Telangana region.

Key Provisions

The order contained several important provisions designed to protect the interests of Telangana's local population. Most significantly, GO 36 reaffirmed the implementation of the Mulki Rules, which mandated that certain government jobs should be reserved for locals in Telangana.

Provision	Details
Mulki Rules Reaffirmed	Only those residing in Telangana for at least 15 years or born in Telangana considered as Mulkis
Lower Cadre Jobs	80% of non-gazetted posts reserved for locals
Higher Cadre Jobs	Significant proportion of gazetted posts reserved for Mulkis
Educational Reservations	Preference for local students in Telangana educational institutions

Impact and Reactions

Aspect	Details
Initial Reaction	Seen as positive step addressing Telangana agitators' concerns
Effect on Agitation	Temporarily reduced intensity of movement
Implementation Issues	Reports of non-implementation or partial implementation
Public Perception	Government perceived as not fully committed
Result	Continued dissatisfaction and periodic protests

Aftermath and Further Developments

Aspect	Details
Long-term Discontent	Issues with implementation led to continued agitation
Movement Continuation	Demand for separate Telangana persisted
Final Outcome	Formation of Telangana state on June 2, 2014
Historical Significance	Highlighted unresolved grievances of Telangana people

Conclusion

GO 36 was a pivotal government order issued during the 1969 Telangana agitation aimed at addressing concerns of local employment and educational opportunities. Although it temporarily alleviated agitation, continued issues in implementation revealed deeper unresolved grievances, ultimately contributing to the sustained demand for a separate Telangana state realized in 2014.

Formation of Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS)

Introduction

The formation of the Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS) and the subsequent movement it led were pivotal in the history of the Telangana region's struggle for statehood. The TPS emerged as the primary political organization channeling the aspirations of the Telangana people and coordinating the agitation for a separate state.

Aspect	Details
Formation	1969 (emerged from Telangana People's Convention)
Founding Figures	Marri Chenna Reddy, Konda Laxman Bapuji, and others
Primary Objective	Creation of separate Telangana state
Nature	Initially a movement platform; later became political party (1970)
Key Electoral Victories	Khairatabad (1970), Siddipet (1970), Legislative Council seats

Background

Historical Context

Event	Details
1956	Andhra Pradesh formed by merging Andhra State with Telangana region of Hyderabad State
1956	Gentlemen's Agreement established to protect Telangana's interests
1956-1969	Systematic violation of safeguards; growing discontent

Growing Discontent

Issue	Grievance
Jobs	Allocation skewed in favor of Andhra region
Education	Educational opportunities perceived as unfair
Development Funds	Disproportionate allocation to Andhra
Political Representation	Telangana's voice marginalized

Formation of Telangana Praja Samithi (TPS)

Inception

Aspect	Details
February 28, 1969	Telangana People's Convention formed under leadership of Anantula Madan Mohan (young lawyer from Siddipet)
March 25, 1969	Convention transformed into Telangana Praja Samithi
1969	Later period: transformed into political party due to entry of political leaders

Founders and Key Leaders

Leader	Role
Marri Chenna Reddy	Central figure and key leader of TPS; mobilized support; articulated demands
Konda Laxman Bapuji	Prominent leader; earlier resigned from ministry
V. Narsing Rao	Significant leader
A. Madhava Reddy	Significant leader
M. Sridhar Reddy	Led one faction of TPS
Mrs. Sadalakshmi	Led another faction of TPS

Objectives

Objective	Details
Primary	Achieve creation of separate Telangana state
Secondary	Address grievances regarding employment, education, and regional development

Strategies and Activities

Mobilization and Protests

Activity	Details
Public Meetings	Organized numerous meetings and rallies to garner support
Demonstrations	Raised awareness about neglect and discrimination
Student Involvement	Students organized strikes, protests; educational institutions became centers of activism
Civil Disobedience	Boycotts of government programs; refusal to pay taxes

Political Maneuvering

Activity	Details
Lobbying	Engaged with central government; delegations sent to Delhi
Negotiations	Presented case to Prime Minister and central leaders
Elections	Contested elections to demonstrate widespread support

MAJOR EVENTS (1970-1971)

First State Level Meeting (January 10, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Location	Boys Scout Headquarters, Secunderabad
Inaugurated By	Marri Chenna Reddy
Invitation Committee President	Nagari Krishna
Special Guest	P. "Gray" of the British Labour Party
Key Demand	Marri Chenna Reddy requested referendum on separate Telangana statehood

January 15, 1970 – "Day of Protest"

Aspect	Details
Purpose	Mark completion of one year of Separate Telangana Movement
Event	Big open meeting at Keshav Memorial ground
Chair	M. Sridhar Reddy

January 21, 1970 – Merger of TPS Factions

Aspect	Details
Factions Merged	TPS headed by Mrs. Sadalakshmi and TPS headed by M. Sridhar Reddy
Outcome	Formed single entity

January 24, 1970 – Martyr's Day

Aspect	Details
Background	Martyr Shankar died on January 24, 1969 during firing in Sadashivpet
Call Given By	Mrs. Sadalakshmi
Observance	24th January 1970 observed as "Martyr's Day"

TELANGANA UNITED FRONT (JANUARY 1970)

Formation

Aspect	Details
Meeting	Legislative members seeking Telangana organized meeting in Hyderabad
Chairman	Nukala Ram Chandra Reddy
Decision	Some Telangana legislators decided to quit State Government
Party Formed	Telangana United Front
Date of Formation	February 6, 1970
President	V.B. Raju (resigned from State Cabinet)
Composition	28 rebel Congressmen + 3 Independent members = 31 total

Note: Palvai Goverdhan Reddy was first to sign but later withdrew. The rest of the list was given to Assembly Speaker B.V. Subba Reddy.

Recognition as Opposition Party (February 9, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Announcement By	Speaker B.V. Subba Reddy
Status	Telangana United Front recognized as opposition party
Leader of Opposition	Nukala Ram Chandra Reddy (replaced Gouthu Lachchanna)

Important Leaders in Telangana United Front

• Nukala Ram Chandra Reddy
• Achyutha Reddy
• Konda Laxman Bapuji
• Ram Chandra Reddy

Walkout During Budget (March 24, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Occasion	Budget introduction by Finance Minister Vijay Bhasker Reddy
Action	Telangana United Front members walked out
Demand	Separate budget estimations for Andhra and Telangana regions

Presidential Order (March 7, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Order	President issued order extending powers of Telangana Regional Committee
Basis	Amending Andhra Pradesh Regional Committee Order – 1958
Effective Date	March 9, 1970

Increased Powers

Area	New Provision
Financial	Income-expenditure details department-wise to be shown separately for Andhra and Telangana
Education	University Education came under ambit of Regional Committee
Employment	Jobs and industry under Regional Committee ambit
Recruitment	Rules for recruitment of Telangana locals under Regional Committee
Service Merger	State Government to submit report on implementation of Central Government decision on merger of services
Reporting	Report every six months on steps taken on Regional Committee recommendations

HIGH-LEVEL SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE ON EMPLOYEE ISSUES (1970)

Aspect	Details
Appointed By	State Government
Basis	Resolution by Telangana Regional Committee (August 1969)
Chairman	Justice Nasirullah Baig
Members	Iqbal Chand, R. Krishna Swamy, Rao Saheb
Purpose	Give suggestions on issues of Telangana employees

V.B. RAJU'S "SUB-STATE" DEMAND (MAY 13, 1970)

Rajya Sabha Election (March 28, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Candidate	V.B. Raju
Elected To	Rajya Sabha from Telangana Region
Margin	31 votes in third set of counting

Speech in Rajya Sabha (May 13, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Demand	Requested Central Government to give "Sub-State" status to Telangana
Reference	Similar to status given to Meghalaya

K.V. RANGA REDDY'S DEATH (JULY 24, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Date	July 24, 1970
Time	10:30 pm
Age	80 years
Funeral	Body covered with Telangana Flag
Location	Amberpet Cemetery
Honor	Funeral held with Government's mandate

FORMATION OF TELANGANA PRAJA PARISHAD

Aspect	Details
Purpose	Achieving Separate Telangana
Important Members	R. Amos, Jagan Mohan Reddy, P. Saxena, Ansari

MEMORANDUM TO PRIME MINISTER (SEPTEMBER 3, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Number of MPs	About 250
Action	Presented memorandum to Prime Minister
Proposal	Establish legislative mechanism for implementation of Telangana Regional Committee decisions

TPS AS A POLITICAL PARTY

Date	Event
February 28, 1969	Telangana People's Convention formed
March 25, 1969	Transformed into Telangana Praja Samithi
July 23, 1970	Telangana Praja Samithi changed as Political Party

KHAIRATABAD BY-ELECTIONS (JUNE 1970)

Background

Aspect	Details
Constituency	Khairatabad
Cause	Death of Congress MLA B.V. Guru Murthy

Candidates

Party	Candidate
Telangana Praja Samithi	Nagam Krishna Rao
Ruling Congress	S. Yadagiri

Election Result (June 15, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Winner	Nagam Krishna Rao (TPS)
Slogan	Separate Telangana
Margin	About 14,000 votes
Comment	"This is a victory for the Telangana people" – Chenna Reddy

Impact

Consequence	Details
Municipal Elections	Congress deferred municipal elections due to fear of losing
Panchayati Raj Elections	TPS failed to win as expected

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL ELECTIONS (JUNE 24, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Total Seats in Telangana	6
TPS Contested	5 seats
TPS Won	3 seats

Winners

District/Constituency	Winner	Party
Hyderabad (local constituency)	Venkat Rami Reddy	TPS
Hyderabad (another constituency)	K. Prabhakar Reddy	Congress
Mahbubnagar	TPS candidate	TPS
Medak	TPS candidate	TPS

SIDDIPET BY-ELECTION (NOVEMBER 17, 1970)

Background

Aspect	Details
Constituency	Siddipet (rural)
Cause	MLA V.B. Raju elected to Rajya Sabha

Candidates

Party	Candidate
Telangana Praja Samithi	Madan Mohan
Congress	P.V. Rajeshwar Rao

Election Result (November 17, 1970)

Aspect	Details
Winner	Madan Mohan (TPS)
Margin	19,800 votes majority
Comment	"The TPS victory in Siddipet by-election will ensure support for Separate Telangana" – Chenna Reddy

Impact on Other Parties

Party	Response
Jan Sangh	Leadership decided to review earlier opinion on Telangana
CPI	Stated Siddipet outcome proof of public opinion for Telangana

TELANGANA LIBERATION MOVEMENT COMMITTEE (JANUARY 28)

Aspect	Details
Location	Warangal
Leadership	Kaloji Narayana Rao presided over meeting
Key Resolutions	• Demand for resignation of Chief Minister • Call for imposition of Presidential Rule in the state